Strictly speaking, NimScript is the subset of Nim that can be evaluated by Nim's builtin virtual machine (VM). This VM is used for Nim's compiletime function evaluation features.
The nim executable processes the .nims configuration files in the following directories (in this order; later files overwrite previous settings):
For available procs and implementation details see nimscript.
NimScript is subject to some limitations caused by the implementation of the VM (virtual machine):
At least the following standard library modules are available:
In addition to the standard Nim syntax (system module), NimScripts support the procs and templates defined in the nimscript module too.
A command-line switch --FOO is written as switch("FOO") in NimScript. Similarly, command-line --FOO:VAL translates to switch("FOO", "VAL").
Here are few examples of using the switch proc:
# command-line: --opt:size switch("opt", "size") # command-line: --define:foo or -d:foo switch("define", "foo") # command-line: --forceBuild switch("forceBuild")
NimScripts also support -- templates for convenience, which look like command-line switches written as-is in the NimScript file. So the above example can be rewritten as:
--opt:size --define:foo --forceBuild
Note: In general, the define switches can also be set in NimScripts using switch or --, as shown in above examples. Only the release define (-d:release) cannot be set in NimScripts.
The task template that the system module defines allows a NimScript file to be used as a build tool. The following example defines a task build that is an alias for the c command:
task build, "builds an example": setCommand "c"
In fact, as a convention the following tasks should be available:
| Task | Description |
|---|---|
| help | List all the available NimScript tasks along with their docstrings. |
| build | Build the project with the required backend (c, cpp or js). |
| tests | Runs the tests belonging to the project. |
| bench | Runs benchmarks belonging to the project. |
Look at the module distros for some support of the OS's native package managers.
See the Nimble readme for more information.
NimScript can also be used directly as a portable replacement for Bash and Batch files. Use nim myscript.nims to run myscript.nims. For example, installation of Nimble could be accomplished with this simple script:
mode = ScriptMode.Verbose var id = 0 while dirExists("nimble" & $id): inc id exec "git clone https://github.com/nim-lang/nimble.git nimble" & $id withDir "nimble" & $id & "/src": exec "nim c nimble" mvFile "nimble" & $id & "/src/nimble".toExe, "bin/nimble".toExe
On Unix, you can also use the shebang #!/usr/bin/env nim, as long as your filename ends with .nims:
#!/usr/bin/env nim mode = ScriptMode.Silent echo "hello world"
Use #!/usr/bin/env -S nim --hints:off to disable hints.
It is a cross-platform scripting language that can run where Nim can run, e.g. you can not run Batch or PowerShell on Linux or Mac, the Bash for Linux might not run on Mac, there are no unit tests tools for Batch, etc.
NimScript can detect on which platform, operating system, architecture, and even which Linux distribution is running on, allowing the same script to support a lot of systems.
See the following (incomplete) example:
import distros # Architectures. if defined(amd64): echo "Architecture is x86 64Bits" elif defined(i386): echo "Architecture is x86 32Bits" elif defined(arm): echo "Architecture is ARM" # Operating Systems. if defined(linux): echo "Operating System is GNU Linux" elif defined(windows): echo "Operating System is Microsoft Windows" elif defined(macosx): echo "Operating System is Apple OS X" # Distros. if detectOs(Ubuntu): echo "Distro is Ubuntu" elif detectOs(ArchLinux): echo "Distro is ArchLinux" elif detectOs(Debian): echo "Distro is Debian"
The syntax, style, and rest of the ecosystem is the same as for compiled Nim, that means there is nothing new to learn, no context switch for developers.
NimScript can use Nim's templates, macros, types, concepts, effect tracking system, and more, you can create modules that work on compiled Nim and also on interpreted NimScript.
func will still check for side effects, debugEcho also works as expected, making it ideal for functional scripting metaprogramming.
This is an example of a third party module that uses macros and templates to translate text strings on unmodified NimScript:
import nimterlingua nimterlingua("translations.cfg") echo "cat" # Run with -d:RU becomes "kot", -d:ES becomes "gato", ...
translations.cfg
[cat] ES = gato PT = minino RU = kot FR = chat
Some features of compiled Nim may not work on NimScript, but often a graceful and seamless fallback degradation is used.
See the following NimScript:
if likely(true): discard elif unlikely(false): discard proc foo() {.compiletime.} = echo NimVersion static: echo CompileDate
likely(), unlikely(), static: and {.compiletime.} will produce no code at all when run on NimScript, but still no error nor warning is produced and the code just works.
NimScript evolves together with Nim, occasionally new features might become available on NimScript , adapted from compiled Nim or added as new features on both.
You can create your own modules to be compatible with NimScript, and check Nimble to search for third party modules that may work on NimScript.
You can use NimScript to deploy to production, run tests, build projects, do benchmarks, generate documentation, and all kinds of DevOps/SysAdmin specific tasks.