# std/pegs

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Simple PEG (Parsing expression grammar) matching. Uses no memorization, but uses superoperators and symbol inlining to improve performance. Note: Matching performance is hopefully competitive with optimized regular expression engines.

# PEG syntax and semantics

A PEG (Parsing expression grammar) is a simple deterministic grammar, that can be directly used for parsing. The current implementation has been designed as a more powerful replacement for regular expressions. UTF-8 is supported.

The notation used for a PEG is similar to that of EBNF:

notation | meaning
--- | ---
`A / ... / Z` | Ordered choice: Apply expressions `A`, ..., `Z`, in this order, to the text ahead, until one of them succeeds and possibly consumes some text. Indicate success if one of expressions succeeded. Otherwise, do not consume any text and indicate failure.
`A ... Z` | Sequence: Apply expressions `A`, ..., `Z`, in this order, to consume consecutive portions of the text ahead, as long as they succeed. Indicate success if all succeeded. Otherwise, do not consume any text and indicate failure. The sequence's precedence is higher than that of ordered choice: `A B / C` means `(A B) / Z` and not `A (B / Z)`.
`(E)` | Grouping: Parenthesis can be used to change operator priority.
`{E}` | Capture: Apply expression `E` and store the substring that matched `E` into a capture that can be accessed after the matching process.
`{}` | Empty capture: Delete the last capture. No character is consumed.
`$i` | Back reference to the `i`th capture. `i` counts forwards from 1 or backwards (last capture to first) from ^1.
`$` | Anchor: Matches at the end of the input. No character is consumed. Same as `!.`.
`^` | Anchor: Matches at the start of the input. No character is consumed.
`&E` | And predicate: Indicate success if expression `E` matches the text ahead; otherwise indicate failure. Do not consume any text.
`!E` | Not predicate: Indicate failure if expression E matches the text ahead; otherwise indicate success. Do not consume any text.
`E+` | One or more: Apply expression `E` repeatedly to match the text ahead, as long as it succeeds. Consume the matched text (if any) and indicate success if there was at least one match. Otherwise, indicate failure.
`E*` | Zero or more: Apply expression `E` repeatedly to match the text ahead, as long as it succeeds. Consume the matched text (if any). Always indicate success.
`E?` | Zero or one: If expression `E` matches the text ahead, consume it. Always indicate success.
`[s]` | Character class: If the character ahead appears in the string `s`, consume it and indicate success. Otherwise, indicate failure.
`[a-b]` | Character range: If the character ahead is one from the range `a` through `b`, consume it and indicate success. Otherwise, indicate failure.
`'s'` | String: If the text ahead is the string `s`, consume it and indicate success. Otherwise, indicate failure.
`i's'` | String match ignoring case.
`y's'` | String match ignoring style.
`v's'` | Verbatim string match: Use this to override a global `\i` or `\y` modifier.
`i$j` | String match ignoring case for back reference.
`y$j` | String match ignoring style for back reference.
`v$j` | Verbatim string match for back reference.
`.` | Any character: If there is a character ahead, consume it and indicate success. Otherwise, (that is, at the end of input) indicate failure.
`_` | Any Unicode character: If there is a UTF-8 character ahead, consume it and indicate success. Otherwise, indicate failure.
`@E` | Search: Shorthand for `(!E .)* E`. (Search loop for the pattern `E`.)
`{@} E` | Captured Search: Shorthand for `{(!E .)*} E`. (Search loop for the pattern `E`.) Everything until and excluding `E` is captured.
`@@ E` | Same as `{@} E`.
`A <- E` | Rule: Bind the expression `E` to the nonterminal symbol `A`. Left recursive rules are not possible and crash the matching engine.
`\identifier` | Built-in macro for a longer expression.
`\ddd` | Character with decimal code ddd.
`\"`, etc. | Literal `"`, etc.

## Built-in macros

macro | meaning
--- | ---
`\d` | any decimal digit: `[0-9]`
`\D` | any character that is not a decimal digit: `[^0-9]`
`\s` | any whitespace character: `[ \9-\13]`
`\S` | any character that is not a whitespace character: `[^ \9-\13]`
`\w` | any "word" character: `[a-zA-Z0-9_]`
`\W` | any "non-word" character: `[^a-zA-Z0-9_]`
`\a` | same as `[a-zA-Z]`
`\A` | same as `[^a-zA-Z]`
`\n` | any newline combination: `\10 / \13\10 / \13`
`\i` | ignore case for matching; use this at the start of the PEG
`\y` | ignore style for matching; use this at the start of the PEG
`\skip` pat | skip pattern pat before trying to match other tokens; this is useful for whitespace skipping, for example: `\skip(\s*) {\ident} ':' {\ident}` matches key value pairs ignoring whitespace around the `':'`.
`\ident` | a standard ASCII identifier: `[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*`
`\letter` | any Unicode letter
`\upper` | any Unicode uppercase letter
`\lower` | any Unicode lowercase letter
`\title` | any Unicode title letter
`\white` | any Unicode whitespace character

A backslash followed by a letter is a built-in macro, otherwise it is used for ordinary escaping:

notation | meaning
--- | ---
`\\` | a single backslash
`\*` | same as `'*'`
`\t` | not a tabulator, but an (unknown) built-in

## Supported PEG grammar

The PEG parser implements this grammar (written in PEG syntax):

    # Example grammar of PEG in PEG syntax.
    # Comments start with '#'.
    # First symbol is the start symbol.

    grammar <- rule* / expr

    identifier <- [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*
    charsetchar <- "\\" . / [^\]]
    charset <- "[" "^"? (charsetchar ("-" charsetchar)?)+ "]"
    stringlit <- identifier? ("\"" ("\\" . / [^"])* "\"" /
                              "'" ("\\" . / [^'])* "'")
    builtin <- "\\" identifier / [^\13\10]

    comment <- '#' @ \n
    ig <- (\s / comment)* # things to ignore

    rule <- identifier \s* "<-" expr ig
    identNoArrow <- identifier !(\s* "<-")
    prefixOpr <- ig '&' / ig '!' / ig '@' / ig '{@}' / ig '@@'
    literal <- ig identifier? '$' '^'? [0-9]+ / '$' / '^' /
               ig identNoArrow /
               ig charset /
               ig stringlit /
               ig builtin /
               ig '.' /
               ig '_' /
               (ig "(" expr ig ")") /
               (ig "{" expr? ig "}")
    postfixOpr <- ig '?' / ig '*' / ig '+'
    primary <- prefixOpr* (literal postfixOpr*)

    # Concatenation has higher priority than choice:
    # ``a b / c`` means ``(a b) / c``

    seqExpr <- primary+
    expr <- seqExpr (ig "/" expr)*

Note: As a special syntactic extension if the whole PEG is only a single expression, identifiers are not interpreted as non-terminals, but are interpreted as verbatim string:

    abc =~ peg"abc" # is true

So it is not necessary to write `peg" 'abc' "` in the above example.

## Examples

Check if `s` matches Nim's "while" keyword:

    s =~ peg" y'while'"

Exchange (key, val)-pairs:

    "key: val; key2: val2".replacef(peg"{\ident} \s* ':' \s* {\ident}", "$2: $1")

Determine the `#include`'ed files of a C file:

    for line in lines("myfile.c"):
      if line =~ peg"""s <- ws '#include' ws '"' {[^"]+} '"' ws
                       comment <- '/*' @ '*/' / '//' .*
                       ws <- (comment / \s+)* """:
        echo matches[0]

## PEG vs regular expression

As a regular expression `\[.*\]` matches the longest possible text between `'['` and `']'`. As a PEG it never matches anything, because a PEG is deterministic: `.*` consumes the rest of the input, so `\]` never matches. As a PEG this needs to be written as: `\[ ( !\] . )* \]` (or `\[ @ \]`).

Note that the regular expression does not behave as intended either: in the example `*` should not be greedy, so `\[.*?\]` should be used instead.

## PEG construction

There are two ways to construct a PEG in Nim code:

1. Parsing a string into an AST which consists of `Peg` nodes with the `peg` proc.
2. Constructing the AST directly with proc calls. This method does not support constructing rules, only simple expressions and is not as convenient. Its only advantage is that it does not pull in the whole PEG parser into your executable.

# Imports

strformat, strutils, macros, decode_helpers, unicode

# Types

    Captures = object

  contains the captured substrings. Source Edit

    EInvalidPeg = object of ValueError

  raised if an invalid PEG has been detected Source Edit

    NonTerminal = ref NonTerminalObj

  Source Edit

    NonTerminalFlag = enum
      ntDeclared, ntUsed

  Source Edit

    Peg {.shallow.} = object
      case
      of pkEmpty .. pkWhitespace:
        nil
      of pkTerminal, pkTerminalIgnoreCase, pkTerminalIgnoreStyle:
      of pkChar, pkGreedyRepChar:
      of pkCharChoice, pkGreedyRepSet:
      of pkNonTerminal:
      of pkBackRef .. pkBackRefIgnoreStyle:
      else:

  type that represents a PEG Source Edit

    PegKind = enum
      pkEmpty, pkAny,           ## any character (.)
      pkAnyRune,                ## any Unicode character (_)
      pkNewLine,                ## CR-LF, LF, CR
      pkLetter,                 ## Unicode letter
      pkLower,                  ## Unicode lower case letter
      pkUpper,                  ## Unicode upper case letter
      pkTitle,                  ## Unicode title character
      pkWhitespace,             ## Unicode whitespace character
      pkTerminal, pkTerminalIgnoreCase, pkTerminalIgnoreStyle, pkChar, ## single character to match
      pkCharChoice, pkNonTerminal, pkSequence, ## a b c ... --> Internal DSL: peg(a, b, c)
      pkOrderedChoice,          ## a / b / ... --> Internal DSL: a / b or /[a, b, c]
      pkGreedyRep,              ## a*     --> Internal DSL: *a
                                 ## a+     --> (a a*)
      pkGreedyRepChar,          ## x* where x is a single character (superop)
      pkGreedyRepSet,           ## [set]* (superop)
      pkGreedyAny,              ## .* or _* (superop)
      pkOption,                 ## a?     --> Internal DSL: ?a
      pkAndPredicate,           ## &a     --> Internal DSL: &a
      pkNotPredicate,           ## !a     --> Internal DSL: !a
      pkCapture,                ## {a}    --> Internal DSL: capture(a)
      pkBackRef,                ## $i     --> Internal DSL: backref(i)
      pkBackRefIgnoreCase, pkBackRefIgnoreStyle, pkSearch, ## @a     --> Internal DSL: !*a
      pkCapturedSearch,         ## {@} a  --> Internal DSL: !*\a
      pkRule,                   ## a <- b
      pkList,                   ## a, b
      pkStartAnchor              ## ^      --> Internal DSL: startAnchor()

  Source Edit

# Consts

    MaxSubpatterns = 20

  defines the maximum number of subpatterns that can be captured. More subpatterns cannot be captured! Source Edit

# Procs

    func `!`(a: Peg): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegsNotPredicate", gcsafe, gcsafe,
                            raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a "not predicate" with the PEG `a` Source Edit

    func `!*`(a: Peg): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegsSearch", gcsafe, gcsafe,
                             raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a "search" for the PEG `a` Source Edit

    func `!*\`(a: Peg): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npgegsCapturedSearch", gcsafe,
                              gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a "captured search" for the PEG `a` Source Edit

    func `$`(r: Peg): string {....gcsafe, extern: "npegsToString", gcsafe, gcsafe,
                               raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  converts a PEG to its string representation Source Edit

    func `&`(a: Peg): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegsAndPredicate", gcsafe, gcsafe,
                            raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs an "and predicate" with the PEG `a` Source Edit

    func `*`(a: Peg): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegsGreedyRep", gcsafe, gcsafe,
                            raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a "greedy repetition" for the PEG `a` Source Edit

    func `+`(a: Peg): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegsGreedyPosRep", gcsafe, gcsafe,
                            raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a "greedy positive repetition" with the PEG `a` Source Edit

    func `/`(a: varargs[Peg]): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegsOrderedChoice", gcsafe,
                                     gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs an ordered choice with the PEGs in `a` Source Edit

    func `?`(a: Peg): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegsOptional", gcsafe, gcsafe,
                            raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs an optional for the PEG `a` Source Edit

    func any(): Peg {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs the PEG any character (`.`) Source Edit

    func anyRune(): Peg {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs the PEG any rune (`_`) Source Edit

    func backref(index: range[1 .. MaxSubpatterns]; reverse: bool = false): Peg {.
        ...gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a back reference of the given `index`. `index` starts counting from 1. `reverse` specifies whether indexing starts from the end of the capture list. Source Edit

    func backrefIgnoreCase(index: range[1 .. MaxSubpatterns]; reverse: bool = false): Peg {.
        ...gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a back reference of the given `index`. `index` starts counting from 1. `reverse` specifies whether indexing starts from the end of the capture list. Ignores case for matching. Source Edit

    func backrefIgnoreStyle(index: range[1 .. MaxSubpatterns]; reverse: bool = false): Peg {.
        ...gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a back reference of the given `index`. `index` starts counting from 1. `reverse` specifies whether indexing starts from the end of the capture list. Ignores style for matching. Source Edit

    func bounds(c: Captures; i: range[0 .. 20 - 1]): tuple[first, last: int] {.
        ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  returns the bounds `[first..last]` of the `i`'th capture. Source Edit

    func capture(a: Peg = Peg(kind: pkEmpty)): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegsCapture",
        gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a capture with the PEG `a` Source Edit

    func ch(p: Peg): char {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  Returns the char representation of a given Peg variant object where present. Source Edit

    func charChoice(p: Peg): ref set[char] {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
        forbids: [].}

  Returns the charChoice field of a given Peg variant object where present. Source Edit

    func charSet(s: set[char]): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe,
                                      raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a PEG from a character set `s` Source Edit

    func col(nt: NonTerminal): int {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  Gets the column number of the definition of the parent Peg object variant of a given NonTerminal. Source Edit

    func contains(s: string; pattern: Peg; matches: var openArray[string]; start = 0): bool {.
        ...gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1Capture", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [],
        tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  same as `find(s, pattern, matches, start) >= 0` Source Edit

    func contains(s: string; pattern: Peg; start = 0): bool {....gcsafe,
        extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [RootEffect],
        forbids: [].}

  same as `find(s, pattern, start) >= 0` Source Edit

    func endAnchor(): Peg {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs the PEG `$` which matches the end of the input. Source Edit

    func endsWith(s: string; suffix: Peg; start = 0): bool {....gcsafe,
        extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [RootEffect],
        forbids: [].}

  returns true if `s` ends with the pattern `suffix` Source Edit

    func escapePeg(s: string): string {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  escapes `s` so that it is matched verbatim when used as a peg. Source Edit

    func find(s: string; pattern: Peg; matches: var openArray[string]; start = 0): int {.
        ...gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1Capture", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [],
        tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  returns the starting position of `pattern` in `s` and the captured substrings in the array `matches`. If it does not match, nothing is written into `matches` and -1 is returned. Source Edit

    func find(s: string; pattern: Peg; start = 0): int {....gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1",
        gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  returns the starting position of `pattern` in `s`. If it does not match, -1 is returned. Source Edit

    func findAll(s: string; pattern: Peg; start = 0): seq[string] {....gcsafe,
        extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [RootEffect],
        forbids: [].}

  returns all matching substrings of `s` that match `pattern`. If it does not match, `@[]` is returned. Source Edit

    func findBounds(s: string; pattern: Peg; matches: var openArray[string];
                    start = 0): tuple[first, last: int] {....gcsafe,
        extern: "npegs$1Capture", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [RootEffect],
        forbids: [].}

  returns the starting position and end position of `pattern` in `s` and the captured substrings in the array `matches`. If it does not match, nothing is written into `matches` and (-1,0) is returned. Source Edit

    func flags(nt: NonTerminal): set[NonTerminalFlag] {....gcsafe, raises: [],
        tags: [], forbids: [].}

  Gets the NonTerminalFlag-typed flags field of the parent Peg variant object of a given NonTerminal. Source Edit

    func index(p: Peg): range[-20 .. 20 - 1] {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
        forbids: [].}

  Returns the back-reference index of a captured sub-pattern in the Captures object for a given Peg variant object where present. Source Edit

    func kind(p: Peg): PegKind {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  Returns the PegKind of a given Peg object. Source Edit

    func line(nt: NonTerminal): int {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  Gets the line number of the definition of the parent Peg object variant of a given NonTerminal. Source Edit

    func match(s: string; pattern: Peg; matches: var openArray[string]; start = 0): bool {.
        ...gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1Capture", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [],
        tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  returns `true` if `s[start..]` matches the `pattern` and the captured substrings in the array `matches`. If it does not match, nothing is written into `matches` and `false` is returned. Source Edit

    func match(s: string; pattern: Peg; start = 0): bool {....gcsafe,
        extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [RootEffect],
        forbids: [].}

  returns `true` if `s` matches the `pattern` beginning from `start`. Source Edit

    func matchLen(s: string; pattern: Peg; matches: var openArray[string]; start = 0): int {.
        ...gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1Capture", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [],
        tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  the same as `match`, but it returns the length of the match, if there is no match, -1 is returned. Note that a match length of zero can happen. It's possible that a suffix of `s` remains that does not belong to the match. Source Edit

    func matchLen(s: string; pattern: Peg; start = 0): int {....gcsafe,
        extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [RootEffect],
        forbids: [].}

  the same as `match`, but it returns the length of the match, if there is no match, -1 is returned. Note that a match length of zero can happen. It's possible that a suffix of `s` remains that does not belong to the match. Source Edit

    func name(nt: NonTerminal): string {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  Gets the name of the symbol represented by the parent Peg object variant of a given NonTerminal. Source Edit

    func newLine(): Peg {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs the PEG newline (`\n`) Source Edit

    func newNonTerminal(name: string; line, column: int): NonTerminal {....gcsafe,
        extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a nonterminal symbol Source Edit

    func nonterminal(n: NonTerminal): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe,
                                            gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
                                            forbids: [].}

  constructs a PEG that consists of the nonterminal symbol Source Edit

    func nt(p: Peg): NonTerminal {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  Returns the NonTerminal object of a given Peg variant object where present. Source Edit

    func parallelReplace(s: string; subs: varargs[tuple[pattern: Peg, repl: string]]): string {.
        ...gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [ValueError],
        tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  Returns a modified copy of `s` with the substitutions in `subs` applied in parallel. Source Edit

    func parsePeg(pattern: string; filename = "pattern"; line = 1; col = 0): Peg {.
        ...raises: [EInvalidPeg], gcsafe, tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  constructs a Peg object from `pattern`. `filename`, `line`, `col` are used for error messages, but they only provide start offsets. `parsePeg` keeps track of line and column numbers within `pattern`. Source Edit

    func peg(pattern: string): Peg {....raises: [EInvalidPeg], gcsafe,
                                     tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  constructs a Peg object from the `pattern`. The short name has been chosen to encourage its use as a raw string modifier:

      peg"{\ident} \s* '=' \s* {.*}"

  Source Edit

    func rawMatch(s: string; p: Peg; start: int; c: var Captures): int {....gcsafe,
        extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [RootEffect],
        forbids: [].}

  low-level matching proc that implements the PEG interpreter. Use this for maximum efficiency (every other PEG operation ends up calling this proc). Returns -1 if it does not match, else the length of the match Source Edit

    func replace(s: string; sub: Peg; by = ""): string {....gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1",
        gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  Replaces `sub` in `s` by the string `by`. Captures cannot be accessed in `by`. Source Edit

    func replace(s: string; sub: Peg; cb: proc (match: int; cnt: int;
        caps: openArray[string]): string {....gcsafe.}): string {....gcsafe,
        extern: "npegs$1cb", effectsOf: cb, ...gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [],
        tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  Replaces `sub` in `s` by the resulting strings from the callback. The callback proc receives the index of the current match (starting with 0), the count of captures and an open array with the captures of each match. Examples:

      func handleMatches*(m: int, n: int, c: openArray[string]): string =
        result = ""
        if m > 0:
          result.add ", "
        result.add case n:
          of 2: c[0].toLower & ": '" & c[1] & "'"
          of 1: c[0].toLower & ": ''"
          else: ""

      let s = "Var1=key1;var2=Key2;   VAR3"
      echo s.replace(peg"{\ident}('='{\ident})* ';'* \s*", handleMatches)

  Results in:

      "var1: 'key1', var2: 'Key2', var3: ''"

  Source Edit

    func replacef(s: string; sub: Peg; by: string): string {....gcsafe,
        extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [ValueError], tags: [RootEffect],
        forbids: [].}

  Replaces `sub` in `s` by the string `by`. Captures can be accessed in `by` with the notation `$i` and `$#` (see strutils.`%`). Examples:

      "var1=key; var2=key2".replacef(peg"{\ident}'='{\ident}", "$1<-$2$2")

  Results in:

      "var1<-keykey; val2<-key2key2"

  Source Edit

    func rule(nt: NonTerminal): Peg {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  Gets the Peg object representing the rule definition of the parent Peg object variant of a given NonTerminal. Source Edit

    func sequence(a: varargs[Peg]): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe,
                                          raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a sequence with all the PEGs from `a` Source Edit

    func split(s: string; sep: Peg): seq[string] {....gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1",
        gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  Splits the string `s` into substrings. Source Edit

    func startAnchor(): Peg {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs the PEG `^` which matches the start of the input. Source Edit

    func startsWith(s: string; prefix: Peg; start = 0): bool {....gcsafe,
        extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [RootEffect],
        forbids: [].}

  returns true if `s` starts with the pattern `prefix` Source Edit

    func term(p: Peg): string {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  Returns the string representation of a given Peg variant object where present. Source Edit

    func term(t: char): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1Char", gcsafe, gcsafe,
                              raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a PEG from a terminal char Source Edit

    func term(t: string): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1Str", gcsafe, gcsafe,
                                raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a PEG from a terminal string Source Edit

    func termIgnoreCase(t: string): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe, gcsafe,
                                          raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a PEG from a terminal string; ignore case for matching Source Edit

    func termIgnoreStyle(t: string): Peg {....gcsafe, extern: "npegs$1", gcsafe,
                                           gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs a PEG from a terminal string; ignore style for matching Source Edit

    proc transformFile(infile, outfile: string;
                       subs: varargs[tuple[pattern: Peg, repl: string]]) {....gcsafe,
        extern: "npegs$1", raises: [ValueError, IOError], gcsafe, gcsafe,
        tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect, RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  reads in the file `infile`, performs a parallel replacement (calls `parallelReplace`) and writes back to `outfile`. Raises `IOError` if an error occurs. This is supposed to be used for quick scripting.

  Note: this proc does not exist while using the JS backend.

  Source Edit

    func unicodeLetter(): Peg {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs the PEG `\letter` which matches any Unicode letter. Source Edit

    func unicodeLower(): Peg {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs the PEG `\lower` which matches any Unicode lowercase letter. Source Edit

    func unicodeTitle(): Peg {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs the PEG `\title` which matches any Unicode title letter. Source Edit

    func unicodeUpper(): Peg {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  constructs the PEG `\upper` which matches any Unicode uppercase letter. Source Edit

    func unicodeWhitespace(): Peg {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
                                    forbids: [].}

  constructs the PEG `\white` which matches any Unicode whitespace character. Source Edit

# Iterators

    iterator findAll(s: string; pattern: Peg; start = 0): string {....gcsafe,
        raises: [], tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  yields all matching substrings of `s` that match `pattern`. Source Edit

    iterator items(p: Peg): Peg {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

  Yields the child nodes of a Peg variant object where present. Source Edit

    iterator pairs(p: Peg): (int, Peg) {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
                                         forbids: [].}

  Yields the indices and child nodes of a Peg variant object where present. Source Edit

    iterator split(s: string; sep: Peg): string {....gcsafe, raises: [],
        tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

  Splits the string `s` into substrings.

  Substrings are separated by the PEG `sep`. Examples:

      for word in split("00232this02939is39an22example111", peg"\d+"):
        writeLine(stdout, word)

  Results in:

      "this"
      "is"
      "an"
      "example"

  Source Edit

# Templates

    template `=~`(s: string; pattern: Peg): bool {..}

  This calls `match` with an implicit declared `matches` array that can be used in the scope of the `=~` call:

      if line =~ peg"\s* {\w+} \s* '=' \s* {\w+}":
        # matches a key=value pair:
        echo("Key: ", matches[0])
        echo("Value: ", matches[1])
      elif line =~ peg"\s*{'#'.*}":
        # matches a comment
        # note that the implicit ``matches`` array is different from the
        # ``matches`` array of the first branch
        echo("comment: ", matches[0])
      else:
        echo("syntax error")

  Source Edit

    template digits(): Peg {..}

  expands to `charset({'0'..'9'})` Source Edit

    template eventParser(pegAst, handlers: untyped): (proc (s: string): int) {..}

  Generates an interpreting event parser proc according to the specified PEG AST and handler code blocks. The proc can be called with a string to be parsed and will execute the handler code blocks whenever their associated grammar element is matched. It returns -1 if the string does not match, else the length of the total match. The following example code evaluates an arithmetic expression defined by a simple PEG:

      import std/[strutils, pegs]

      let
        pegAst = """
      Expr    <- Sum
      Sum     <- Product (('+' / '-')Product)*
      Product <- Value (('*' / '/')Value)*
      Value   <- [0-9]+ / '(' Expr ')'
        """.peg
        txt = "(5+3)/2-7*22"

      var
        pStack: seq[string] = @[]
        valStack: seq[float] = @[]
        opStack = ""
      let
        parseArithExpr = pegAst.eventParser:
          pkNonTerminal:
            enter:
              pStack.add p.nt.name
            leave:
              pStack.setLen pStack.high
              if length > 0:
                let matchStr = s.substr(start, start+length-1)
                case p.nt.name
                of "Value":
                  try:
                    valStack.add matchStr.parseFloat
                    echo valStack
                  except ValueError:
                    discard
                of "Sum", "Product":
                  try:
                    let val = matchStr.parseFloat
                  except ValueError:
                    if valStack.len > 1 and opStack.len > 0:
                      valStack[^2] = case opStack[^1]
                      of '+': valStack[^2] + valStack[^1]
                      of '-': valStack[^2] - valStack[^1]
                      of '*': valStack[^2] * valStack[^1]
                      else: valStack[^2] / valStack[^1]
                      valStack.setLen valStack.high
                      echo valStack
                      opStack.setLen opStack.high
                      echo opStack
          pkChar:
            leave:
              if length == 1 and "Value" != pStack[^1]:
                let matchChar = s[start]
                opStack.add matchChar
                echo opStack

      let pLen = parseArithExpr(txt)

  The handlers parameter consists of code blocks for PegKinds, which define the grammar elements of interest. Each block can contain handler code to be executed when the parser enters and leaves text matching the grammar element. An enter handler can access the specific PEG AST node being matched as p, the entire parsed string as s and the position of the matched text segment in s as start. A leave handler can access p, s, start and also the length of the matched text segment as length. For an unsuccessful match, the enter and leave handlers will be executed, with length set to -1.

  Symbols declared in an enter handler can be made visible in the corresponding leave handler by annotating them with an inject pragma.

  Source Edit

    template ident(): Peg {..}

  same as `[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-z_0-9]*`; standard identifier Source Edit

    template identChars(): Peg {..}

  expands to `charset({'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', '0'..'9', '_'})` Source Edit

    template identStartChars(): Peg {..}

  expands to `charset({'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z', '_'})` Source Edit

    template letters(): Peg {..}

  expands to `charset({'A'..'Z', 'a'..'z'})` Source Edit

    template natural(): Peg {..}

  same as `\d+` Source Edit

    template whitespace(): Peg {..}

  expands to `charset({' ', '\9'..'\13'})` Source Edit

# Exports

==