system

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The compiler depends on the System module to work properly and the System module depends on the compiler. Most of the routines listed here use special compiler magic.

Each module implicitly imports the System module; it must not be listed explicitly. Because of this there cannot be a user-defined module named system.

System module

The System module imports several separate modules, and their documentation is in separate files:

Here is a short overview of the most commonly used functions from the system module. Function names in the tables below are clickable and will take you to the full documentation of the function.

There are many more functions available than the ones listed in this overview. Use the table of contents on the left-hand side and/or Ctrl+F to navigate through this module.

Strings and characters

ProcUsage
len(s)Return the length of a string
chr(i)Convert an int in the range 0..255 to a character
ord(c)Return int value of a character
a & bConcatenate two strings
s.add(c)Add character to the string
$Convert various types to string

See also:

  • strutils module for common string functions
  • strformat module for string interpolation and formatting
  • unicode module for Unicode UTF-8 handling
  • strscans for scanf and scanp macros, which offer easier substring extraction than regular expressions
  • strtabs module for efficient hash tables (dictionaries, in some programming languages) mapping from strings to strings

Seqs

ProcUsage
newSeqCreate a new sequence of a given length
newSeqOfCapCreate a new sequence with zero length and a given capacity
setLenSet the length of a sequence
lenReturn the length of a sequence
@Turn an array into a sequence
addAdd an item to the sequence
insertInsert an item at a specific position
deleteDelete an item while preserving the order of elements (O(n) operation)
delO(1) removal, doesn't preserve the order
popRemove and return last item of a sequence
x & yConcatenate two sequences
x[a .. b]Slice of a sequence (both ends included)
x[a .. ^b]Slice of a sequence but b is a reversed index (both ends included)
x[a ..< b]Slice of a sequence (excluded upper bound)

See also:

Sets

Built-in bit sets.

ProcUsage
inclInclude element y in the set x
exclExclude element y from the set x
cardReturn the cardinality of the set, i.e. the number of elements
a * bIntersection
a + bUnion
a - bDifference
containsCheck if an element is in the set
a < bCheck if a is a subset of b

See also:

Numbers

ProcUsage Also known as (in other languages)
divInteger division//
modInteger modulo (remainder)%
shlShift left<<
shrShift right>>
ashrArithmetic shift right
andBitwise and&
orBitwise or|
xorBitwise xor^
notBitwise not (complement)~
toIntConvert floating-point number into an int
toFloatConvert an integer into a float

See also:

Ordinals

Ordinal type includes integer, bool, character, and enumeration types, as well as their subtypes.

ProcUsage
succSuccessor of the value
predPredecessor of the value
incIncrement the ordinal
decDecrement the ordinal
highReturn the highest possible value
lowReturn the lowest possible value
ordReturn int value of an ordinal value

Misc

ProcUsage
isCheck if two arguments are of the same type
isnotNegated version of is
!=Not equals
addrTake the address of a memory location
T and FBoolean and
T or FBoolean or
T xor FBoolean xor (exclusive or)
not TBoolean not
a[^x]Take the element at the reversed index x
a .. bBinary slice that constructs an interval [a, b]
a ..^ bInterval [a, b] but b as reversed index
a ..< bInterval [a, b) (excluded upper bound)
runnableExamplesCreate testable documentation

Channel support for threads.

Note: This is part of the system module. Do not import it directly. To activate thread support compile with the --threads:on command line switch.

Note: Channels are designed for the Thread type. They are unstable when used with spawn

Note: The current implementation of message passing does not work with cyclic data structures.

Note: Channels cannot be passed between threads. Use globals or pass them by ptr.

Example

The following is a simple example of two different ways to use channels: blocking and non-blocking.

# Be sure to compile with --threads:on.
# The channels and threads modules are part of system and should not be
# imported.
import std/os

# Channels can either be:
#  - declared at the module level, or
#  - passed to procedures by ptr (raw pointer) -- see note on safety.
#
# For simplicity, in this example a channel is declared at module scope.
# Channels are generic, and they include support for passing objects between
# threads.
# Note that objects passed through channels will be deeply copied.
var chan: Channel[string]

# This proc will be run in another thread using the threads module.
proc firstWorker() =
  chan.send("Hello World!")

# This is another proc to run in a background thread. This proc takes a while
# to send the message since it sleeps for 2 seconds (or 2000 milliseconds).
proc secondWorker() =
  sleep(2000)
  chan.send("Another message")

# Initialize the channel.
chan.open()

# Launch the worker.
var worker1: Thread[void]
createThread(worker1, firstWorker)

# Block until the message arrives, then print it out.
echo chan.recv() # "Hello World!"

# Wait for the thread to exit before moving on to the next example.
worker1.joinThread()

# Launch the other worker.
var worker2: Thread[void]
createThread(worker2, secondWorker)
# This time, use a non-blocking approach with tryRecv.
# Since the main thread is not blocked, it could be used to perform other
# useful work while it waits for data to arrive on the channel.
while true:
  let tried = chan.tryRecv()
  if tried.dataAvailable:
    echo tried.msg # "Another message"
    break
  
  echo "Pretend I'm doing useful work..."
  # For this example, sleep in order not to flood stdout with the above
  # message.
  sleep(400)

# Wait for the second thread to exit before cleaning up the channel.
worker2.joinThread()

# Clean up the channel.
chan.close()

Sample output

The program should output something similar to this, but keep in mind that exact results may vary in the real world:

Hello World!
Pretend I'm doing useful work...
Pretend I'm doing useful work...
Pretend I'm doing useful work...
Pretend I'm doing useful work...
Pretend I'm doing useful work...
Another message

Passing Channels Safely

Note that when passing objects to procedures on another thread by pointer (for example through a thread's argument), objects created using the default allocator will use thread-local, GC-managed memory. Thus it is generally safer to store channel objects in global variables (as in the above example), in which case they will use a process-wide (thread-safe) shared heap.

However, it is possible to manually allocate shared memory for channels using e.g. system.allocShared0 and pass these pointers through thread arguments:

proc worker(channel: ptr Channel[string]) =
  let greeting = channel[].recv()
  echo greeting

proc localChannelExample() =
  # Use allocShared0 to allocate some shared-heap memory and zero it.
  # The usual warnings about dealing with raw pointers apply. Exercise caution.
  var channel = cast[ptr Channel[string]](
    allocShared0(sizeof(Channel[string]))
  )
  channel[].open()
  # Create a thread which will receive the channel as an argument.
  var thread: Thread[ptr Channel[string]]
  createThread(thread, worker, channel)
  channel[].send("Hello from the main thread!")
  # Clean up resources.
  thread.joinThread()
  channel[].close()
  deallocShared(channel)

localChannelExample() # "Hello from the main thread!"

Types

AllocStats = object
  
Source   Edit  
any {....deprecated: "Deprecated since v1.5; Use auto instead.".} = distinct auto
Deprecated: Deprecated since v1.5; Use auto instead.
Deprecated; Use auto instead. See https://github.com/nim-lang/RFCs/issues/281 Source   Edit  
array[I; T] {.magic: "Array".}
Generic type to construct fixed-length arrays. Source   Edit  
auto {.magic: Expr.}
Meta type for automatic type determination. Source   Edit  
BackwardsIndex = distinct int
Type that is constructed by ^ for reversed array accesses. (See ^ template) Source   Edit  
bool {.magic: "Bool".} = enum
  false = 0, true = 1
Built-in boolean type. Source   Edit  
byte = uint8
This is an alias for uint8, that is an unsigned integer, 8 bits wide. Source   Edit  
CatchableError = object of Exception
Abstract class for all exceptions that are catchable. Source   Edit  
Channel[TMsg] {....gcsafe.} = RawChannel
a channel for thread communication Source   Edit  
char {.magic: Char.}
Built-in 8 bit character type (unsigned). Source   Edit  
csize {.importc: "size_t", nodecl, ...deprecated: "use `csize_t` instead".} = int
Deprecated: use `csize_t` instead
This isn't the same as size_t in C. Don't use it. Source   Edit  
cstring {.magic: Cstring.}
Built-in cstring (compatible string) type. Source   Edit  
Defect = object of Exception
Abstract base class for all exceptions that Nim's runtime raises but that are strictly uncatchable as they can also be mapped to a quit / trap / exit operation. Source   Edit  
Endianness = enum
  littleEndian, bigEndian
Type describing the endianness of a processor. Source   Edit  
Exception {.compilerproc, magic: "Exception".} = object of RootObj
  parent*: ref Exception     ## Parent exception (can be used as a stack).
  name*: cstring             ## The exception's name is its Nim identifier.
                             ## This field is filled automatically in the
                             ## `raise` statement.
  msg* {.exportc: "message".}: string ## The exception's message. Not
                                      ## providing an exception message
                                      ## is bad style.
  when defined(js):
      trace*: string

  else:
      trace*: seq[StackTraceEntry]

  

Base exception class.

Each exception has to inherit from Exception. See the full exception hierarchy.

Source   Edit  
float {.magic: Float.}
Default floating point type. Source   Edit  
float32 {.magic: Float32.}
32 bit floating point type. Source   Edit  
float64 {.magic: Float.}
64 bit floating point type. Source   Edit  
ForeignCell = object
  data*: pointer
  
Source   Edit  
ForLoopStmt {.compilerproc.} = object
A special type that marks a macro as a for-loop macro. See "For Loop Macro". Source   Edit  
GC_Strategy = enum
  gcThroughput,             ## optimize for throughput
  gcResponsiveness,         ## optimize for responsiveness (default)
  gcOptimizeTime,           ## optimize for speed
  gcOptimizeSpace            ## optimize for memory footprint
The strategy the GC should use for the application. Source   Edit  
HSlice[T; U] = object
  a*: T                      ## The lower bound (inclusive).
  b*: U                      ## The upper bound (inclusive).
  
"Heterogeneous" slice type. Source   Edit  
int {.magic: Int.}
Default integer type; bitwidth depends on architecture, but is always the same as a pointer. Source   Edit  
int8 {.magic: Int8.}
Signed 8 bit integer type. Source   Edit  
int16 {.magic: Int16.}
Signed 16 bit integer type. Source   Edit  
int32 {.magic: Int32.}
Signed 32 bit integer type. Source   Edit  
int64 {.magic: Int64.}
Signed 64 bit integer type. Source   Edit  
iterable[T] {.magic: IterableType.}
Represents an expression that yields T Source   Edit  
JsRoot = ref object of RootObj
  
Root type of the JavaScript object hierarchy Source   Edit  
lent[T] {.magic: "BuiltinType".}
Source   Edit  
Natural = range[0 .. high(int)]
is an int type ranging from zero to the maximum value of an int. This type is often useful for documentation and debugging. Source   Edit  
NimNode {.magic: "PNimrodNode".} = ref NimNodeObj
Represents a Nim AST node. Macros operate on this type. Source   Edit  
openArray[T] {.magic: "OpenArray".}
Generic type to construct open arrays. Open arrays are implemented as a pointer to the array data and a length field. Source   Edit  
Ordinal[T] {.magic: Ordinal.}
Generic ordinal type. Includes integer, bool, character, and enumeration types as well as their subtypes. See also SomeOrdinal. Source   Edit  
owned[T] {.magic: "BuiltinType".}
type constructor to mark a ref/ptr or a closure as owned. Source   Edit  
PFrame = ptr TFrame
Represents a runtime frame of the call stack; part of the debugger API. Source   Edit  
pointer {.magic: Pointer.}
Built-in pointer type, use the addr operator to get a pointer to a variable. Source   Edit  
Positive = range[1 .. high(int)]
is an int type ranging from one to the maximum value of an int. This type is often useful for documentation and debugging. Source   Edit  
ptr[T] {.magic: Pointer.}
Built-in generic untraced pointer type. Source   Edit  
range[T] {.magic: "Range".}
Generic type to construct range types. Source   Edit  
ref[T] {.magic: Pointer.}
Built-in generic traced pointer type. Source   Edit  
RootEffect {.compilerproc.} = object of RootObj

Base effect class.

Each effect should inherit from RootEffect unless you know what you're doing.

Source   Edit  
RootObj {.compilerproc, inheritable.} = object

The root of Nim's object hierarchy.

Objects should inherit from RootObj or one of its descendants. However, objects that have no ancestor are also allowed.

Source   Edit  
RootRef = ref RootObj
Reference to RootObj. Source   Edit  
seq[T] {.magic: "Seq".}
Generic type to construct sequences. Source   Edit  
set[T] {.magic: "Set".}
Generic type to construct bit sets. Source   Edit  
sink[T] {.magic: "BuiltinType".}
Source   Edit  
Slice[T] = HSlice[T, T]
An alias for HSlice[T, T]. Source   Edit  
SomeFloat = float | float32 | float64
Type class matching all floating point number types. Source   Edit  
SomeInteger = SomeSignedInt | SomeUnsignedInt
Type class matching all integer types. Source   Edit  
SomeNumber = SomeInteger | SomeFloat
Type class matching all number types. Source   Edit  
SomeOrdinal = int | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | bool | enum | uint | uint8 |
    uint16 |
    uint32 |
    uint64
Type class matching all ordinal types; however this includes enums with holes. See also Ordinal Source   Edit  
SomeSignedInt = int | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64
Type class matching all signed integer types. Source   Edit  
SomeUnsignedInt = uint | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64
Type class matching all unsigned integer types. Source   Edit  
StackTraceEntry = object
  procname*: cstring         ## Name of the proc that is currently executing.
  line*: int                 ## Line number of the proc that is currently executing.
  filename*: cstring         ## Filename of the proc that is currently executing.
  when NimStackTraceMsgs:
      frameMsg*: string ## When a stacktrace is generated in a given frame and
                        ## rendered at a later time, we should ensure the stacktrace
                        ## data isn't invalidated; any pointer into PFrame is
                        ## subject to being invalidated so shouldn't be stored.
    
  when defined(nimStackTraceOverride):
      programCounter*: uint ## Program counter - will be used to get the rest of the info,
                            ## when `$` is called on this type. We can't use
                            ## "cuintptr_t" in here.
      procnameStr*, filenameStr*: string ## GC-ed alternatives to "procname" and "filename"
    
  
In debug mode exceptions store the stack trace that led to them. A StackTraceEntry is a single entry of the stack trace. Source   Edit  
static[T] {.magic: "Static".}

Meta type representing all values that can be evaluated at compile-time.

The type coercion static(x) can be used to force the compile-time evaluation of the given expression x.

Source   Edit  
string {.magic: String.}
Built-in string type. Source   Edit  
TaintedString {....deprecated: "Deprecated since 1.5".} = string
Deprecated: Deprecated since 1.5
Source   Edit  
TFrame {.importc, nodecl, final.} = object
  prev*: PFrame              ## Previous frame; used for chaining the call stack.
  procname*: cstring         ## Name of the proc that is currently executing.
  line*: int                 ## Line number of the proc that is currently executing.
  filename*: cstring         ## Filename of the proc that is currently executing.
  len*: int16                ## Length of the inspectable slots.
  calldepth*: int16          ## Used for max call depth checking.
  when NimStackTraceMsgs:
      frameMsgLen*: int      ## end position in frameMsgBuf for this frame.
    
  
The frame itself. Source   Edit  
type[T] {.magic: "Type".}

Meta type representing the type of all type values.

The coercion type(x) can be used to obtain the type of the given expression x.

Source   Edit  
typed {.magic: Stmt.}
Meta type to denote an expression that is resolved (for templates). Source   Edit  
typedesc {.magic: TypeDesc.}
Meta type to denote a type description. Source   Edit  
TypeOfMode = enum
  typeOfProc,               ## Prefer the interpretation that means `x` is a proc call.
  typeOfIter                 ## Prefer the interpretation that means `x` is an iterator call.
Possible modes of typeof. Source   Edit  
uint {.magic: UInt.}
Unsigned default integer type. Source   Edit  
uint8 {.magic: UInt8.}
Unsigned 8 bit integer type. Source   Edit  
uint16 {.magic: UInt16.}
Unsigned 16 bit integer type. Source   Edit  
uint32 {.magic: UInt32.}
Unsigned 32 bit integer type. Source   Edit  
uint64 {.magic: UInt64.}
Unsigned 64 bit integer type. Source   Edit  
UncheckedArray[T] {.magic: "UncheckedArray".}
Source   Edit  
untyped {.magic: Expr.}
Meta type to denote an expression that is not resolved (for templates). Source   Edit  
varargs[T] {.magic: "Varargs".}
Generic type to construct a varargs type. Source   Edit  
void {.magic: "VoidType".}
Meta type to denote the absence of any type. Source   Edit  

Vars

errorMessageWriter: (proc (msg: string) {....tags: [WriteIOEffect], gcsafe, nimcall.})
Function that will be called instead of stdmsg.write when printing stacktrace. Unstable API. Source   Edit  
globalRaiseHook: proc (e: ref Exception): bool {.nimcall, ...gcsafe.}
With this hook you can influence exception handling on a global level. If not nil, every 'raise' statement ends up calling this hook.
Warning: Ordinary application code should never set this hook! You better know what you do when setting this.

If globalRaiseHook returns false, the exception is caught and does not propagate further through the call stack.

Source   Edit  
localRaiseHook {.threadvar.}: proc (e: ref Exception): bool {.nimcall, ...gcsafe.}
With this hook you can influence exception handling on a thread local level. If not nil, every 'raise' statement ends up calling this hook.
Warning: Ordinary application code should never set this hook! You better know what you do when setting this.

If localRaiseHook returns false, the exception is caught and does not propagate further through the call stack.

Source   Edit  
nimThreadDestructionHandlers {.threadvar.}: seq[
    proc () {.closure, ...gcsafe, raises: [].}]
Source   Edit  
onUnhandledException: (proc (errorMsg: string) {.nimcall, ...gcsafe.})

Set this error handler to override the existing behaviour on an unhandled exception.

The default is to write a stacktrace to stderr and then call quit(1). Unstable API.

Source   Edit  
outOfMemHook: proc () {.nimcall, ...tags: [], gcsafe, raises: [].}

Set this variable to provide a procedure that should be called in case of an out of memory event. The standard handler writes an error message and terminates the program.

outOfMemHook can be used to raise an exception in case of OOM like so:

var gOutOfMem: ref EOutOfMemory
new(gOutOfMem) # need to be allocated *before* OOM really happened!
gOutOfMem.msg = "out of memory"

proc handleOOM() =
  raise gOutOfMem

system.outOfMemHook = handleOOM

If the handler does not raise an exception, ordinary control flow continues and the program is terminated.

Source   Edit  
programResult {.compilerproc, exportc: "nim_program_result".}: int
deprecated, prefer quit or exitprocs.getProgramResult, exitprocs.setProgramResult. Source   Edit  
unhandledExceptionHook: proc (e: ref Exception) {.nimcall, ...tags: [], gcsafe,
    raises: [].}
Set this variable to provide a procedure that should be called in case of an unhandle exception event. The standard handler writes an error message and terminates the program, except when using --os:any Source   Edit  

Lets

nimvm {.magic: "Nimvm", compileTime.}: bool = false
May be used only in when expression. It is true in Nim VM context and false otherwise. Source   Edit  

Consts

appType {.magic: "AppType".}: string = ""
A string that describes the application type. Possible values: "console", "gui", "lib". Source   Edit  
CompileDate {.magic: "CompileDate".}: string = "0000-00-00"
The date (in UTC) of compilation as a string of the form YYYY-MM-DD. This works thanks to compiler magic. Source   Edit  
CompileTime {.magic: "CompileTime".}: string = "00:00:00"
The time (in UTC) of compilation as a string of the form HH:MM:SS. This works thanks to compiler magic. Source   Edit  
cpuEndian {.magic: "CpuEndian".}: Endianness = littleEndian
The endianness of the target CPU. This is a valuable piece of information for low-level code only. This works thanks to compiler magic. Source   Edit  
hostCPU {.magic: "HostCPU".}: string = ""

A string that describes the host CPU.

Possible values: "i386", "alpha", "powerpc", "powerpc64", "powerpc64el", "sparc", "amd64", "mips", "mipsel", "arm", "arm64", "mips64", "mips64el", "riscv32", "riscv64", '"loongarch64"'.

Source   Edit  
hostOS {.magic: "HostOS".}: string = ""

A string that describes the host operating system.

Possible values: "windows", "macosx", "linux", "netbsd", "freebsd", "openbsd", "solaris", "aix", "haiku", "standalone".

Source   Edit  
Inf = 0x7FF0000000000000'f64
Contains the IEEE floating point value of positive infinity. Source   Edit  
isMainModule {.magic: "IsMainModule".}: bool = false
True only when accessed in the main module. This works thanks to compiler magic. It is useful to embed testing code in a module. Source   Edit  
NaN = 0x7FF7FFFFFFFFFFFF'f64

Contains an IEEE floating point value of Not A Number.

Note that you cannot compare a floating point value to this value and expect a reasonable result - use the isNaN or classify procedure in the math module for checking for NaN.

Source   Edit  
NegInf = 0xFFF0000000000000'f64
Contains the IEEE floating point value of negative infinity. Source   Edit  
NimMajor {.intdefine.}: int = 2

is the major number of Nim's version. Example:

when (NimMajor, NimMinor, NimPatch) >= (1, 3, 1): discard

Source   Edit  
NimMinor {.intdefine.}: int = 0
is the minor number of Nim's version. Odd for devel, even for releases. Source   Edit  
NimPatch {.intdefine.}: int = 2
is the patch number of Nim's version. Odd for devel, even for releases. Source   Edit  
NimVersion: string = "2.0.2"
is the version of Nim as a string. Source   Edit  
off = false
Alias for false. Source   Edit  
on = true
Alias for true. Source   Edit  
QuitFailure = 1
is the value that should be passed to quit to indicate failure. Source   Edit  
QuitSuccess = 0
is the value that should be passed to quit to indicate success. Source   Edit  

Procs

proc `%%`(x, y: int): int {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Treats x and y as unsigned and compute the modulo of x and y.

The result is truncated to fit into the result. This implements modulo arithmetic. No overflow errors are possible.

Source   Edit  
proc `%%`(x, y: int8): int8 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `%%`(x, y: int16): int16 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `%%`(x, y: int32): int32 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `%%`(x, y: int64): int64 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `&`(x, y: char): string {.magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}

Concatenates characters x and y into a string.

assert('a' & 'b' == "ab")

Source   Edit  
proc `&`(x, y: string): string {.magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}

Concatenates strings x and y.

assert("ab" & "cd" == "abcd")

Source   Edit  
proc `&`(x: char; y: string): string {.magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect,
                                       ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Concatenates x with y.

assert('a' & "bc" == "abc")

Source   Edit  
proc `&`(x: string; y: char): string {.magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect,
                                       ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Concatenates x with y.

assert("ab" & 'c' == "abc")

Source   Edit  
proc `&`[T](x, y: seq[T]): seq[T] {.noSideEffect.}

Concatenates two sequences.

Requires copying of the sequences.

assert(@[1, 2, 3, 4] & @[5, 6] == @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc `&`[T](x: seq[T]; y: T): seq[T] {.noSideEffect.}

Appends element y to the end of the sequence.

Requires copying of the sequence.

assert(@[1, 2, 3] & 4 == @[1, 2, 3, 4])

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc `&`[T](x: T; y: seq[T]): seq[T] {.noSideEffect.}

Prepends the element x to the beginning of the sequence.

Requires copying of the sequence.

assert(1 & @[2, 3, 4] == @[1, 2, 3, 4])

Source   Edit  
proc `&=`(x: var string; y: string) {.magic: "AppendStrStr", noSideEffect,
                                      ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Appends in place to a string.

var a = "abc"
a &= "de" # a <- "abcde"

Source   Edit  
proc `*`(x, y: float): float {.magic: "MulF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `*`(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "MulF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `*`(x, y: int): int {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                           forbids: [].}
Binary * operator for an integer. Source   Edit  
proc `*`(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `*`(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `*`(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `*`(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `*`(x, y: uint): uint {.magic: "MulU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Binary * operator for unsigned integers. Source   Edit  
proc `*`(x, y: uint8): uint8 {.magic: "MulU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `*`(x, y: uint16): uint16 {.magic: "MulU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `*`(x, y: uint32): uint32 {.magic: "MulU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `*`(x, y: uint64): uint64 {.magic: "MulU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
func `*`[T](x, y: set[T]): set[T] {.magic: "MulSet", ...raises: [], tags: [],
                                    forbids: [].}
This operator computes the intersection of two sets.

Example:

assert {1, 2, 3} * {2, 3, 4} == {2, 3}
Source   Edit  
proc `*%`(x, y: int): int {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Treats x and y as unsigned and multiplies them.

The result is truncated to fit into the result. This implements modulo arithmetic. No overflow errors are possible.

Source   Edit  
proc `*%`(x, y: int8): int8 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `*%`(x, y: int16): int16 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `*%`(x, y: int32): int32 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `*%`(x, y: int64): int64 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `*=`[T: float | float32 | float64](x: var T; y: T) {.inline, noSideEffect.}
Multiplies in place a floating point number. Source   Edit  
proc `*=`[T: SomeInteger](x: var T; y: T) {.inline, noSideEffect.}
Binary *= operator for integers. Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x, y: float): float {.magic: "AddF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "AddF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x, y: int): int {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                           forbids: [].}
Binary + operator for an integer. Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x, y: uint): uint {.magic: "AddU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Binary + operator for unsigned integers. Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x, y: uint8): uint8 {.magic: "AddU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x, y: uint16): uint16 {.magic: "AddU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x, y: uint32): uint32 {.magic: "AddU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x, y: uint64): uint64 {.magic: "AddU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x: float): float {.magic: "UnaryPlusF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                            tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x: float32): float32 {.magic: "UnaryPlusF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x: int): int {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                        forbids: [].}
Unary + operator for an integer. Has no effect. Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                          tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                            tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                            tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+`(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                            tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
func `+`[T](x, y: set[T]): set[T] {.magic: "PlusSet", ...raises: [], tags: [],
                                    forbids: [].}
This operator computes the union of two sets.

Example:

assert {1, 2, 3} + {2, 3, 4} == {1, 2, 3, 4}
Source   Edit  
proc `+%`(x, y: int): int {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Treats x and y as unsigned and adds them.

The result is truncated to fit into the result. This implements modulo arithmetic. No overflow errors are possible.

Source   Edit  
proc `+%`(x, y: int8): int8 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+%`(x, y: int16): int16 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+%`(x, y: int32): int32 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+%`(x, y: int64): int64 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `+=`[T: float | float32 | float64](x: var T; y: T) {.inline, noSideEffect.}
Increments in place a floating point number. Source   Edit  
proc `+=`[T: SomeInteger](x: var T; y: T) {.magic: "Inc", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Increments an integer. Source   Edit  
proc `-`(a, b: AllocStats): AllocStats {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x, y: float): float {.magic: "SubF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "SubF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x, y: int): int {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                           forbids: [].}
Binary - operator for an integer. Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x, y: uint): uint {.magic: "SubU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Binary - operator for unsigned integers. Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x, y: uint8): uint8 {.magic: "SubU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x, y: uint16): uint16 {.magic: "SubU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x, y: uint32): uint32 {.magic: "SubU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x, y: uint64): uint64 {.magic: "SubU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x: float): float {.magic: "UnaryMinusF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                            tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x: float32): float32 {.magic: "UnaryMinusF64", noSideEffect,
                                ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x: int): int {.magic: "UnaryMinusI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                        tags: [], forbids: [].}
Unary - operator for an integer. Negates x. Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "UnaryMinusI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                          tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "UnaryMinusI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                            tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "UnaryMinusI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                            tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-`(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "UnaryMinusI64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                            tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
func `-`[T](x, y: set[T]): set[T] {.magic: "MinusSet", ...raises: [], tags: [],
                                    forbids: [].}
This operator computes the difference of two sets.

Example:

assert {1, 2, 3} - {2, 3, 4} == {1}
Source   Edit  
proc `-%`(x, y: int): int {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Treats x and y as unsigned and subtracts them.

The result is truncated to fit into the result. This implements modulo arithmetic. No overflow errors are possible.

Source   Edit  
proc `-%`(x, y: int8): int8 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-%`(x, y: int16): int16 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-%`(x, y: int32): int32 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-%`(x, y: int64): int64 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `-=`[T: float | float32 | float64](x: var T; y: T) {.inline, noSideEffect.}
Decrements in place a floating point number. Source   Edit  
proc `-=`[T: SomeInteger](x: var T; y: T) {.magic: "Dec", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Decrements an integer. Source   Edit  
proc `..`[T, U](a: sink T; b: sink U): HSlice[T, U] {.noSideEffect, inline,
    magic: "DotDot", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Binary slice operator that constructs an interval [a, b], both a and b are inclusive.

Slices can also be used in the set constructor and in ordinal case statements, but then they are special-cased by the compiler.

let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
echo a[2 .. 3] # @[30, 40]

Source   Edit  
proc `..`[T](b: sink T): HSlice[int, T] {.noSideEffect, inline, magic: "DotDot",
    ...deprecated: "replace `..b` with `0..b`", raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Deprecated: replace `..b` with `0..b`

Unary slice operator that constructs an interval [default(int), b].

let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
echo a[.. 2] # @[10, 20, 30]

Source   Edit  
proc `/`(x, y: float): float {.magic: "DivF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `/`(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "DivF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `/`(x, y: int): float {.inline, noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}

Division of integers that results in a float.

echo 7 / 5 # => 1.4

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc `/%`(x, y: int): int {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Treats x and y as unsigned and divides them.

The result is truncated to fit into the result. This implements modulo arithmetic. No overflow errors are possible.

Source   Edit  
proc `/%`(x, y: int8): int8 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `/%`(x, y: int16): int16 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `/%`(x, y: int32): int32 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `/%`(x, y: int64): int64 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `/=`(x: var float64; y: float64) {.inline, noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                        tags: [], forbids: [].}
Divides in place a floating point number. Source   Edit  
proc `/=`[T: float | float32](x: var T; y: T) {.inline, noSideEffect.}
Divides in place a floating point number. Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "LtB", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: char): bool {.magic: "LtCh", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Compares two chars and returns true if x is lexicographically before y (uppercase letters come before lowercase letters).

Example:

let
  a = 'a'
  b = 'b'
  c = 'Z'
assert a < b
assert not (a < a)
assert not (a < c)
Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "LtF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                              tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: float32): bool {.magic: "LtF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: int): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                            forbids: [].}
Returns true if x is less than y. Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: int8): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: int16): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: int32): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: int64): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: pointer): bool {.magic: "LtPtr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: string): bool {.magic: "LtStr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Compares two strings and returns true if x is lexicographically before y (uppercase letters come before lowercase letters).

Example:

let
  a = "abc"
  b = "abd"
  c = "ZZZ"
assert a < b
assert not (a < a)
assert not (a < c)
Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: uint): bool {.magic: "LtU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Returns true if x < y. Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: uint8): bool {.magic: "LtU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: uint16): bool {.magic: "LtU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: uint32): bool {.magic: "LtU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`(x, y: uint64): bool {.magic: "LtU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`[Enum: enum](x, y: Enum): bool {.magic: "LtEnum", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`[T: tuple](x, y: T): bool
Generic lexicographic < operator for tuples that is lifted from the components of x and y. This implementation uses cmp. Source   Edit  
proc `<`[T](x, y: ptr T): bool {.magic: "LtPtr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`[T](x, y: ref T): bool {.magic: "LtPtr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<`[T](x, y: set[T]): bool {.magic: "LtSet", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                  tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns true if x is a strict or proper subset of y.

A strict or proper subset x has all of its members in y but y has more elements than y.

Example:

let
  a = {3, 5}
  b = {1, 3, 5, 7}
  c = {2}
assert a < b
assert not (a < a)
assert not (a < c)
Source   Edit  
proc `<%`(x, y: int): bool {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Treats x and y as unsigned and compares them. Returns true if unsigned(x) < unsigned(y). Source   Edit  
proc `<%`(x, y: int8): bool {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<%`(x, y: int16): bool {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<%`(x, y: int32): bool {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<%`(x, y: int64): bool {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "LeB", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: char): bool {.magic: "LeCh", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Compares two chars and returns true if x is lexicographically before y (uppercase letters come before lowercase letters).

Example:

let
  a = 'a'
  b = 'b'
  c = 'Z'
assert a <= b
assert a <= a
assert not (a <= c)
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "LeF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: float32): bool {.magic: "LeF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: int): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Returns true if x is less than or equal to y. Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: int8): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: int16): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: int32): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: int64): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: pointer): bool {.magic: "LePtr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: string): bool {.magic: "LeStr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Compares two strings and returns true if x is lexicographically before y (uppercase letters come before lowercase letters).

Example:

let
  a = "abc"
  b = "abd"
  c = "ZZZ"
assert a <= b
assert a <= a
assert not (a <= c)
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: uint): bool {.magic: "LeU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Returns true if x <= y. Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: uint8): bool {.magic: "LeU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: uint16): bool {.magic: "LeU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: uint32): bool {.magic: "LeU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`(x, y: uint64): bool {.magic: "LeU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`[Enum: enum](x, y: Enum): bool {.magic: "LeEnum", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`[T: tuple](x, y: T): bool
Generic lexicographic <= operator for tuples that is lifted from the components of x and y. This implementation uses cmp. Source   Edit  
proc `<=`[T](x, y: ref T): bool {.magic: "LePtr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                  tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=`[T](x, y: set[T]): bool {.magic: "LeSet", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns true if x is a subset of y.

A subset x has all of its members in y and y doesn't necessarily have more members than x. That is, x can be equal to y.

Example:

let
  a = {3, 5}
  b = {1, 3, 5, 7}
  c = {2}
assert a <= b
assert a <= a
assert not (a <= c)
Source   Edit  
proc `<=%`(x, y: int): bool {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Treats x and y as unsigned and compares them. Returns true if unsigned(x) <= unsigned(y). Source   Edit  
proc `<=%`(x, y: int8): bool {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=%`(x, y: int16): bool {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=%`(x, y: int32): bool {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `<=%`(x, y: int64): bool {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `=`[T](dest: var T; src: T) {.noSideEffect, magic: "Asgn", ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "EqB", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Checks for equality between two bool variables. Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: char): bool {.magic: "EqCh", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Checks for equality between two char variables. Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: cstring): bool {.magic: "EqCString", noSideEffect, inline,
                                 ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Checks for equality between two cstring variables. Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "EqF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: float32): bool {.magic: "EqF64", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: int): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Compares two integers for equality. Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: int8): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: int16): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: int32): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: int64): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: pointer): bool {.magic: "EqRef", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Checks for equality between two pointer variables.

Example:

var # this is a wildly dangerous example
  a = cast[pointer](0)
  b = cast[pointer](nil)
assert a == b # true due to the special meaning of `nil`/0 as a pointer
Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: string): bool {.magic: "EqStr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Checks for equality between two string variables. Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: uint): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Compares two unsigned integers for equality. Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: uint8): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: uint16): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: uint32): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `==`(x, y: uint64): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `==`[Enum: enum](x, y: Enum): bool {.magic: "EqEnum", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Checks whether values within the same enum have the same underlying value.

Example:

type
  Enum1 = enum
    field1 = 3, field2
  Enum2 = enum
    place1, place2 = 3
var
  e1 = field1
  e2 = place2.ord.Enum1
assert e1 == e2
assert not compiles(e1 == place2) # raises error
Source   Edit  
proc `==`[I, T](x, y: array[I, T]): bool
Source   Edit  
proc `==`[T: proc | iterator](x, y: T): bool {.magic: "EqProc", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Checks that two proc variables refer to the same procedure. Source   Edit  
proc `==`[T: tuple | object](x, y: T): bool
Generic == operator for tuples that is lifted from the components. of x and y. Source   Edit  
proc `==`[T](x, y: openArray[T]): bool
Source   Edit  
proc `==`[T](x, y: ptr T): bool {.magic: "EqRef", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                  tags: [], forbids: [].}
Checks that two ptr variables refer to the same item. Source   Edit  
proc `==`[T](x, y: ref T): bool {.magic: "EqRef", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                  tags: [], forbids: [].}
Checks that two ref variables refer to the same item. Source   Edit  
proc `==`[T](x, y: seq[T]): bool {.noSideEffect.}
Generic equals operator for sequences: relies on a equals operator for the element type T. Source   Edit  
proc `==`[T](x, y: set[T]): bool {.magic: "EqSet", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Checks for equality between two variables of type set.

Example:

assert {1, 2, 2, 3} == {1, 2, 3} # duplication in sets is ignored
Source   Edit  
proc `=copy`[T](dest: var T; src: T) {.noSideEffect, magic: "Asgn", ...raises: [],
                                       tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `=destroy`[T](x: var T) {.inline, magic: "Destroy", ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Generic destructor implementation that can be overridden. Source   Edit  
proc `=dup`[T](x: T): T {.inline, magic: "Dup", ...raises: [], tags: [],
                          forbids: [].}
Generic dup implementation that can be overridden. Source   Edit  
proc `=sink`[T](x: var T; y: T) {.inline, nodestroy, magic: "Asgn", ...raises: [],
                                  tags: [], forbids: [].}
Generic sink implementation that can be overridden. Source   Edit  
proc `=trace`[T](x: var T; env: pointer) {.inline, magic: "Trace", ...raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}
Generic trace implementation that can be overridden. Source   Edit  
proc `=wasMoved`[T](obj: var T) {.magic: "WasMoved", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                  tags: [], forbids: [].}
Generic wasMoved implementation that can be overridden. Source   Edit  
proc `@`[IDX, T](a: sink array[IDX, T]): seq[T] {.magic: "ArrToSeq",
    noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Turns an array into a sequence.

This most often useful for constructing sequences with the array constructor: @[1, 2, 3] has the type seq[int], while [1, 2, 3] has the type array[0..2, int].

let
  a = [1, 3, 5]
  b = "foo"

echo @a # => @[1, 3, 5]
echo @b # => @['f', 'o', 'o']

Source   Edit  
proc `@`[T](a: openArray[T]): seq[T] {.magic: "OpenArrayToSeq", ...raises: [],
                                       tags: [], forbids: [].}

Turns an openArray into a sequence.

This is not as efficient as turning a fixed length array into a sequence as it always copies every element of a.

Source   Edit  
proc `[]`(s: string; i: BackwardsIndex): char {.inline, systemRaisesDefect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `[]`(s: var string; i: BackwardsIndex): var char {.inline,
    systemRaisesDefect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `[]`[I: Ordinal; T](a: T; i: I): T {.noSideEffect, magic: "ArrGet",
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `[]`[Idx, T; U, V: Ordinal](a: array[Idx, T]; x: HSlice[U, V]): seq[T] {.
    systemRaisesDefect.}

Slice operation for arrays. Returns the inclusive range [a[x.a], a[x.b]]:

var a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
assert a[0..2] == @[1, 2, 3]

Source   Edit  
proc `[]`[Idx, T](a: array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex): T {.inline,
    systemRaisesDefect.}
Source   Edit  
proc `[]`[Idx, T](a: var array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex): var T {.inline,
    systemRaisesDefect.}
Source   Edit  
proc `[]`[T, U: Ordinal](s: string; x: HSlice[T, U]): string {.inline,
    systemRaisesDefect.}

Slice operation for strings. Returns the inclusive range [s[x.a], s[x.b]]:

var s = "abcdef"
assert s[1..3] == "bcd"

Source   Edit  
proc `[]`[T; U, V: Ordinal](s: openArray[T]; x: HSlice[U, V]): seq[T] {.
    systemRaisesDefect.}

Slice operation for sequences. Returns the inclusive range [s[x.a], s[x.b]]:

var s = @[1, 2, 3, 4]
assert s[0..2] == @[1, 2, 3]

Source   Edit  
proc `[]`[T](s: openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex): T {.inline, systemRaisesDefect.}
Source   Edit  
proc `[]`[T](s: var openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex): var T {.inline,
    systemRaisesDefect.}
Source   Edit  
proc `[]=`(s: var string; i: BackwardsIndex; x: char) {.inline,
    systemRaisesDefect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `[]=`[I: Ordinal; T, S](a: T; i: I; x: sink S) {.noSideEffect,
    magic: "ArrPut", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `[]=`[Idx, T; U, V: Ordinal](a: var array[Idx, T]; x: HSlice[U, V];
                                  b: openArray[T]) {.systemRaisesDefect.}

Slice assignment for arrays.

var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
a[1..2] = @[99, 88]
assert a == [10, 99, 88, 40, 50]

Source   Edit  
proc `[]=`[Idx, T](a: var array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex; x: T) {.inline,
    systemRaisesDefect.}
Source   Edit  
proc `[]=`[T, U: Ordinal](s: var string; x: HSlice[T, U]; b: string) {.
    systemRaisesDefect.}

Slice assignment for strings.

If b.len is not exactly the number of elements that are referred to by x, a splice is performed:

Example:

var s = "abcdefgh"
s[1 .. ^2] = "xyz"
assert s == "axyzh"
Source   Edit  
proc `[]=`[T; U, V: Ordinal](s: var seq[T]; x: HSlice[U, V]; b: openArray[T]) {.
    systemRaisesDefect.}

Slice assignment for sequences.

If b.len is not exactly the number of elements that are referred to by x, a splice is performed.

Example:

var s = @"abcdefgh"
s[1 .. ^2] = @"xyz"
assert s == @"axyzh"
Source   Edit  
proc `[]=`[T](s: var openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex; x: T) {.inline,
    systemRaisesDefect.}
Source   Edit  
func abs(x: int): int {.magic: "AbsI", inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
func abs(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "AbsI", inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                          forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
func abs(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "AbsI", inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                            forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
func abs(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "AbsI", inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                            forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
func abs(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "AbsI", inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                            forbids: [].}

Returns the absolute value of x.

If x is low(x) (that is -MININT for its type), an overflow exception is thrown (if overflow checking is turned on).

Source   Edit  
proc abs[T: float64 | float32](x: T): T {.noSideEffect, inline.}
Source   Edit  
proc add(x: var cstring; y: cstring) {.magic: "AppendStrStr", ...raises: [],
                                       tags: [], forbids: [].}
Appends y to x in place. Only implemented for JS backend.

Example:

when defined(js):
  var tmp: cstring = ""
  tmp.add(cstring("ab"))
  tmp.add(cstring("cd"))
  doAssert tmp == cstring("abcd")
Source   Edit  
proc add(x: var string; y: char) {.magic: "AppendStrCh", noSideEffect,
                                   ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Appends y to x in place.

var tmp = ""
tmp.add('a')
tmp.add('b')
assert(tmp == "ab")

Source   Edit  
proc add(x: var string; y: cstring) {.asmNoStackFrame, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                                      forbids: [].}
Appends y to x in place.

Example:

var tmp = ""
tmp.add(cstring("ab"))
tmp.add(cstring("cd"))
doAssert tmp == "abcd"
Source   Edit  
proc add(x: var string; y: string) {.magic: "AppendStrStr", noSideEffect,
                                     ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Concatenates x and y in place.

See also strbasics.add.

Example:

var tmp = ""
tmp.add("ab")
tmp.add("cd")
assert tmp == "abcd"
Source   Edit  
proc add[T](x: var seq[T]; y: openArray[T]) {.noSideEffect.}

Generic proc for adding a container y to a container x.

For containers that have an order, add means append. New generic containers should also call their adding proc add for consistency. Generic code becomes much easier to write if the Nim naming scheme is respected.

See also:

Example:

var a = @["a1", "a2"]
a.add(["b1", "b2"])
assert a == @["a1", "a2", "b1", "b2"]
var c = @["c0", "c1", "c2", "c3"]
a.add(c.toOpenArray(1, 2))
assert a == @["a1", "a2", "b1", "b2", "c1", "c2"]
Source   Edit  
proc add[T](x: var seq[T]; y: sink T) {.magic: "AppendSeqElem", noSideEffect,
                                        ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Generic proc for adding a data item y to a container x.

For containers that have an order, add means append. New generic containers should also call their adding proc add for consistency. Generic code becomes much easier to write if the Nim naming scheme is respected.

var s: seq[string] = @["test2","test2"]
s.add("test")
assert s == @["test2", "test2", "test"]

Source   Edit  
proc addEscapedChar(s: var string; c: char) {.noSideEffect, inline, ...raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}
Adds a char to string s and applies the following escaping:
  • replaces any \ by \\
  • replaces any ' by \'
  • replaces any " by \"
  • replaces any \a by \\a
  • replaces any \b by \\b
  • replaces any \t by \\t
  • replaces any \n by \\n
  • replaces any \v by \\v
  • replaces any \f by \\f
  • replaces any \r by \\r
  • replaces any \e by \\e
  • replaces any other character not in the set {\21..\126} by \xHH where HH is its hexadecimal value

The procedure has been designed so that its output is usable for many different common syntaxes.

Warning: This is not correct for producing ANSI C code!
Source   Edit  
proc addQuitProc(quitProc: proc () {.noconv.}) {.importc: "atexit",
    header: "<stdlib.h>", ...deprecated: "use exitprocs.addExitProc", raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}
Deprecated: use exitprocs.addExitProc

Adds/registers a quit procedure.

Each call to addQuitProc registers another quit procedure. Up to 30 procedures can be registered. They are executed on a last-in, first-out basis (that is, the last function registered is the first to be executed). addQuitProc raises an EOutOfIndex exception if quitProc cannot be registered.

Source   Edit  
proc addQuoted[T](s: var string; x: T)

Appends x to string s in place, applying quoting and escaping if x is a string or char.

See addEscapedChar for the escaping scheme. When x is a string, characters in the range {\128..\255} are never escaped so that multibyte UTF-8 characters are untouched (note that this behavior is different from addEscapedChar).

The Nim standard library uses this function on the elements of collections when producing a string representation of a collection. It is recommended to use this function as well for user-side collections. Users may overload addQuoted for custom (string-like) types if they want to implement a customized element representation.

var tmp = ""
tmp.addQuoted(1)
tmp.add(", ")
tmp.addQuoted("string")
tmp.add(", ")
tmp.addQuoted('c')
assert(tmp == """1, "string", 'c'""")

Source   Edit  
proc `addr`[T](x: T): ptr T {.magic: "Addr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Builtin addr operator for taking the address of a memory location.
Note: This works for let variables or parameters for better interop with C. When you use it to write a wrapper for a C library and take the address of let variables or parameters, you should always check that the original library does never write to data behind the pointer that is returned from this procedure.

Cannot be overloaded.

var
  buf: seq[char] = @['a','b','c']
  p = buf[1].addr
echo p.repr # ref 0x7faa35c40059 --> 'b'
echo p[]    # b

Source   Edit  
proc alignof(x: typedesc): int {.magic: "AlignOf", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc alignof[T](x: T): int {.magic: "AlignOf", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                             tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc alloc0Impl(size: Natural): pointer {.noconv, ...gcsafe, tags: [], gcsafe,
    raises: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc allocCStringArray(a: openArray[string]): cstringArray {....raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}
Creates a NULL terminated cstringArray from a. The result has to be freed with deallocCStringArray after it's not needed anymore. Source   Edit  
proc allocImpl(size: Natural): pointer {.noconv, ...gcsafe, tags: [], gcsafe,
    raises: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc allocShared0Impl(size: Natural): pointer {.noconv, ...gcsafe, gcsafe,
    raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc allocSharedImpl(size: Natural): pointer {.noconv, compilerproc, ...gcsafe,
    gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `and`(a, b: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait", noSideEffect,
                                       ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Constructs an and meta class. Source   Edit  
proc `and`(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "And", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}

Boolean and; returns true if x == y == true (if both arguments are true).

Evaluation is lazy: if x is false, y will not even be evaluated.

Source   Edit  
proc `and`(x, y: int): int {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                             tags: [], forbids: [].}
Computes the bitwise and of numbers x and y.

Example:

assert (0b0011 and 0b0101) == 0b0001
assert (0b0111 and 0b1100) == 0b0100
Source   Edit  
proc `and`(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `and`(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `and`(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `and`(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `and`(x, y: uint): uint {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Computes the bitwise and of numbers x and y. Source   Edit  
proc `and`(x, y: uint8): uint8 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `and`(x, y: uint16): uint16 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `and`(x, y: uint32): uint32 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `and`(x, y: uint64): uint64 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc arrayWith[T](y: T; size: static int): array[size, T] {....raises: [].}
Creates a new array filled with y. Source   Edit  
proc ashr(x: int8; y: SomeInteger): int8 {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc ashr(x: int16; y: SomeInteger): int16 {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc ashr(x: int32; y: SomeInteger): int32 {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc ashr(x: int64; y: SomeInteger): int64 {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc ashr(x: int; y: SomeInteger): int {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Shifts right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off.

Note that ashr is not an operator so use the normal function call syntax for it.

See also:

Example:

assert ashr(0b0001_0000'i8, 2) == 0b0000_0100'i8
assert ashr(0b1000_0000'i8, 8) == 0b1111_1111'i8
assert ashr(0b1000_0000'i8, 1) == 0b1100_0000'i8
Source   Edit  
proc astToStr[T](x: T): string {.magic: "AstToStr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Converts the AST of x into a string representation. This is very useful for debugging. Source   Edit  
func capacity(self: string): int {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Returns the current capacity of the string.

Example:

var str = newStringOfCap(cap = 42)
str.add "Nim"
assert str.capacity == 42
Source   Edit  
func capacity[T](self: seq[T]): int {.inline.}
Returns the current capacity of the seq.

Example:

var lst = newSeqOfCap[string](cap = 42)
lst.add "Nim"
assert lst.capacity == 42
Source   Edit  
func card[T](x: set[T]): int {.magic: "Card", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Returns the cardinality of the set x, i.e. the number of elements in the set.

Example:

var a = {1, 3, 5, 7}
assert card(a) == 4
var b = {1, 3, 5, 7, 5}
assert card(b) == 4 # repeated 5 doesn't count
Source   Edit  
func chr(u: range[0 .. 255]): char {.magic: "Chr", ...raises: [], tags: [],
                                     forbids: [].}
Converts u to a char, same as char(u).

Example:

doAssert chr(65) == 'A'
doAssert chr(255) == '\255'
doAssert chr(255) == char(255)
doAssert not compiles chr(256)
doAssert not compiles char(256)
var x = 256
doAssertRaises(RangeDefect): discard chr(x)
doAssertRaises(RangeDefect): discard char(x)
Source   Edit  
proc clamp[T](x, a, b: T): T
Limits the value x within the interval [a, b]. This proc is equivalent to but faster than max(a, min(b, x)).
Warning: a <= b is assumed and will not be checked (currently).

See also: math.clamp for a version that takes a Slice[T] instead.

Example:

assert (1.4).clamp(0.0, 1.0) == 1.0
assert (0.5).clamp(0.0, 1.0) == 0.5
assert 4.clamp(1, 3) == max(1, min(3, 4))
Source   Edit  
proc close[TMsg](c: var Channel[TMsg])
Closes a channel c and frees its associated resources. Source   Edit  
proc cmp(x, y: string): int {.noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Compare proc for strings. More efficient than the generic version.

Note: The precise result values depend on the used C runtime library and can differ between operating systems!

Source   Edit  
proc cmp[T](x, y: T): int

Generic compare proc.

Returns:

  • a value less than zero, if x < y
  • a value greater than zero, if x > y
  • zero, if x == y

This is useful for writing generic algorithms without performance loss. This generic implementation uses the == and < operators.

import std/algorithm
echo sorted(@[4, 2, 6, 5, 8, 7], cmp[int])

Source   Edit  
proc cmpMem(a, b: pointer; size: Natural): int {.inline, noSideEffect, ...tags: [],
    raises: [], forbids: [].}

Compares the memory blocks a and b. size bytes will be compared.

Returns:

  • a value less than zero, if a < b
  • a value greater than zero, if a > b
  • zero, if a == b

Like any procedure dealing with raw memory this is unsafe.

Source   Edit  
proc compileOption(option, arg: string): bool {.magic: "CompileOptionArg",
    noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Can be used to determine an enum compile-time option.

See also:

Example:

when compileOption("opt", "size") and compileOption("gc", "boehm"):
  discard "compiled with optimization for size and uses Boehm's GC"
Source   Edit  
proc compileOption(option: string): bool {.magic: "CompileOption", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Can be used to determine an on|off compile-time option.

See also:

Example: cmd: --floatChecks:off

static: doAssert not compileOption("floatchecks")
{.push floatChecks: on.}
static: doAssert compileOption("floatchecks")
# floating point NaN and Inf checks enabled in this scope
{.pop.}
Source   Edit  
proc compiles(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "Compiles", noSideEffect, compileTime,
                                  ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Special compile-time procedure that checks whether x can be compiled without any semantic error. This can be used to check whether a type supports some operation:

when compiles(3 + 4):
  echo "'+' for integers is available"

Source   Edit  
proc contains[T](a: openArray[T]; item: T): bool {.inline.}

Returns true if item is in a or false if not found. This is a shortcut for find(a, item) >= 0.

This allows the in operator: a.contains(item) is the same as item in a.

var a = @[1, 3, 5]
assert a.contains(5)
assert 3 in a
assert 99 notin a

Source   Edit  
func contains[T](x: set[T]; y: T): bool {.magic: "InSet", ...raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

One should overload this proc if one wants to overload the in operator.

The parameters are in reverse order! a in b is a template for contains(b, a). This is because the unification algorithm that Nim uses for overload resolution works from left to right. But for the in operator that would be the wrong direction for this piece of code:

Example:

var s: set[range['a'..'z']] = {'a'..'c'}
assert s.contains('c')
assert 'b' in s
assert 'd' notin s
assert set['a'..'z'] is set[range['a'..'z']]
If in had been declared as [T](elem: T, s: set[T]) then T would have been bound to char. But s is not compatible to type set[char]! The solution is to bind T to range['a'..'z']. This is achieved by reversing the parameters for contains; in then passes its arguments in reverse order. Source   Edit  
proc contains[U, V, W](s: HSlice[U, V]; value: W): bool {.noSideEffect, inline.}

Checks if value is within the range of s; returns true if value >= s.a and value <= s.b.

assert((1..3).contains(1) == true)
assert((1..3).contains(2) == true)
assert((1..3).contains(4) == false)

Source   Edit  
proc copyMem(dest, source: pointer; size: Natural) {.inline, ...gcsafe, tags: [],
    raises: [], forbids: [].}
Copies the contents from the memory at source to the memory at dest. Exactly size bytes will be copied. The memory regions may not overlap. Like any procedure dealing with raw memory this is unsafe. Source   Edit  
proc create(T: typedesc; size = 1.Positive): ptr T:type {.inline, ...gcsafe,
    raises: [].}

Allocates a new memory block with at least T.sizeof * size bytes.

The block has to be freed with resize(block, 0) or dealloc(block). The block is initialized with all bytes containing zero, so it is somewhat safer than createU.

The allocated memory belongs to its allocating thread! Use createShared to allocate from a shared heap.

Source   Edit  
proc createShared(T: typedesc; size = 1.Positive): ptr T:type {.inline.}

Allocates a new memory block on the shared heap with at least T.sizeof * size bytes.

The block has to be freed with resizeShared(block, 0) or freeShared(block).

The block is initialized with all bytes containing zero, so it is somewhat safer than createSharedU.

Source   Edit  
proc createSharedU(T: typedesc; size = 1.Positive): ptr T:type {.inline,
    ...tags: [], gcsafe, raises: [].}

Allocates a new memory block on the shared heap with at least T.sizeof * size bytes.

The block has to be freed with resizeShared(block, 0) or freeShared(block).

The block is not initialized, so reading from it before writing to it is undefined behaviour!

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc createU(T: typedesc; size = 1.Positive): ptr T:type {.inline, ...gcsafe,
    raises: [].}

Allocates a new memory block with at least T.sizeof * size bytes.

The block has to be freed with resize(block, 0) or dealloc(block). The block is not initialized, so reading from it before writing to it is undefined behaviour!

The allocated memory belongs to its allocating thread! Use createSharedU to allocate from a shared heap.

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc cstringArrayToSeq(a: cstringArray): seq[string] {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}
Converts a cstringArray to a seq[string]. a is supposed to be terminated by nil. Source   Edit  
proc cstringArrayToSeq(a: cstringArray; len: Natural): seq[string] {....raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}
Converts a cstringArray to a seq[string]. a is supposed to be of length len. Source   Edit  
proc dealloc(p: pointer) {.noconv, compilerproc, ...gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [],
                           tags: [], forbids: [].}

Frees the memory allocated with alloc, alloc0, realloc, create or createU.

This procedure is dangerous! If one forgets to free the memory a leak occurs; if one tries to access freed memory (or just freeing it twice!) a core dump may happen or other memory may be corrupted.

The freed memory must belong to its allocating thread! Use deallocShared to deallocate from a shared heap.

Source   Edit  
proc deallocCStringArray(a: cstringArray) {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Frees a NULL terminated cstringArray. Source   Edit  
proc deallocHeap(runFinalizers = true; allowGcAfterwards = true) {....raises: [],
    tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}
Frees the thread local heap. Runs every finalizer if runFinalizers is true. If allowGcAfterwards is true, a minimal amount of allocation happens to ensure the GC can continue to work after the call to deallocHeap. Source   Edit  
proc deallocImpl(p: pointer) {.noconv, ...gcsafe, tags: [], gcsafe, raises: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc deallocShared(p: pointer) {.noconv, compilerproc, ...gcsafe, gcsafe,
                                 raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Frees the memory allocated with allocShared, allocShared0 or reallocShared.

This procedure is dangerous! If one forgets to free the memory a leak occurs; if one tries to access freed memory (or just freeing it twice!) a core dump may happen or other memory may be corrupted.

Source   Edit  
proc deallocSharedImpl(p: pointer) {.noconv, ...gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [],
                                     tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc debugEcho(x: varargs[typed, `$`]) {.magic: "Echo", noSideEffect, ...tags: [],
    raises: [], forbids: [].}
Same as echo, but as a special semantic rule, debugEcho pretends to be free of side effects, so that it can be used for debugging routines marked as noSideEffect. Source   Edit  
proc dec[T, V: Ordinal](x: var T; y: V = 1) {.magic: "Dec", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Decrements the ordinal x by y.

If such a value does not exist, OverflowDefect is raised or a compile time error occurs. This is a short notation for: x = pred(x, y).

Example:

var i = 2
dec(i)
assert i == 1
dec(i, 3)
assert i == -2
Source   Edit  
proc declared(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "Declared", noSideEffect, compileTime,
                                  ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Special compile-time procedure that checks whether x is declared. x has to be an identifier or a qualified identifier.

This can be used to check whether a library provides a certain feature or not:

when not declared(strutils.toUpper):
  # provide our own toUpper proc here, because strutils is
  # missing it.

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc declaredInScope(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "DeclaredInScope", noSideEffect,
    compileTime, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Special compile-time procedure that checks whether x is declared in the current scope. x has to be an identifier. Source   Edit  
proc deepCopy[T](x: var T; y: T) {.noSideEffect, magic: "DeepCopy", ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}

Performs a deep copy of y and copies it into x.

This is also used by the code generator for the implementation of spawn.

For --gc:arc or --gc:orc deepcopy support has to be enabled via --deepcopy:on.

Source   Edit  
proc deepCopy[T](y: T): T
Convenience wrapper around deepCopy overload. Source   Edit  
proc default[T](__33556008: typedesc[T]): T {.magic: "Default", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns the default value of the type T. Contrary to zeroDefault, it takes default fields of an object into consideration.

See also:

Example: cmd: -d:nimPreviewRangeDefault

assert (int, float).default == (0, 0.0)
type Foo = object
  a: range[2..6]
var x = Foo.default
assert x.a == 2
Source   Edit  
proc defined(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "Defined", noSideEffect, compileTime,
                                 ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Special compile-time procedure that checks whether x is defined.

x is an external symbol introduced through the compiler's -d:x switch to enable build time conditionals:

when not defined(release):
  # Do here programmer friendly expensive sanity checks.
# Put here the normal code

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc del[T](x: var seq[T]; i: Natural) {.noSideEffect.}

Deletes the item at index i by putting x[high(x)] into position i.

This is an O(1) operation.

See also:

  • delete for preserving the order

Example:

var a = @[10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
a.del(2)
assert a == @[10, 11, 14, 13]
Source   Edit  
proc delete[T](x: var seq[T]; i: Natural) {.noSideEffect.}

Deletes the item at index i by moving all x[i+1..^1] items by one position.

This is an O(n) operation.

Note: With -d:nimStrictDelete, an index error is produced when the index passed to it was out of bounds. -d:nimStrictDelete will become the default in upcoming versions.

See also:

  • del for O(1) operation

Example:

var s = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
s.delete(2)
doAssert s == @[1, 2, 4, 5]
Source   Edit  
proc dispose(x: ForeignCell) {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `div`(x, y: int): int {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}

Computes the integer division.

This is roughly the same as math.trunc(x/y).int.

Example:

assert (1 div 2) == 0
assert (2 div 2) == 1
assert (3 div 2) == 1
assert (7 div 3) == 2
assert (-7 div 3) == -2
assert (7 div -3) == -2
assert (-7 div -3) == 2
Source   Edit  
proc `div`(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `div`(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `div`(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `div`(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `div`(x, y: uint): uint {.magic: "DivU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Computes the integer division for unsigned integers. This is roughly the same as trunc(x/y). Source   Edit  
proc `div`(x, y: uint8): uint8 {.magic: "DivU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `div`(x, y: uint16): uint16 {.magic: "DivU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `div`(x, y: uint32): uint32 {.magic: "DivU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `div`(x, y: uint64): uint64 {.magic: "DivU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc echo(x: varargs[typed, `$`]) {.magic: "Echo", ...gcsafe, sideEffect,
                                    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Writes and flushes the parameters to the standard output.

Special built-in that takes a variable number of arguments. Each argument is converted to a string via $, so it works for user-defined types that have an overloaded $ operator. It is roughly equivalent to writeLine(stdout, x); flushFile(stdout), but available for the JavaScript target too.

Unlike other IO operations this is guaranteed to be thread-safe as echo is very often used for debugging convenience. If you want to use echo inside a proc without side effects you can use debugEcho instead.

Source   Edit  
proc ensureMove[T](x: T): T {.magic: "EnsureMove", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                              tags: [], forbids: [].}
Ensures that x is moved to the new location, otherwise it gives an error at the compile time.

Example:

var x = "Hello"
let y = ensureMove(x)
doAssert y == "Hello"
Source   Edit  
proc equalMem(a, b: pointer; size: Natural): bool {.inline, noSideEffect,
    ...tags: [], raises: [], forbids: [].}

Compares the memory blocks a and b. size bytes will be compared.

If the blocks are equal, true is returned, false otherwise. Like any procedure dealing with raw memory this is unsafe.

Source   Edit  
func excl[T](x: var set[T]; y: T) {.magic: "Excl", ...raises: [], tags: [],
                                    forbids: [].}

Excludes element y from the set x.

This is the same as x = x - {y}, but it might be more efficient.

Example:

var b = {2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 54}
b.excl(5)
assert b == {2, 3, 6, 12, 54}
Source   Edit  
proc find[T, S](a: T; item: S): int {.inline.}
Returns the first index of item in a or -1 if not found. This requires appropriate items and == operations to work. Source   Edit  
proc finished[T: iterator {.closure.}](x: T): bool {.noSideEffect, inline,
    magic: "Finished", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
It can be used to determine if a first class iterator has finished. Source   Edit  
proc freeShared[T](p: ptr T) {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [].}

Frees the memory allocated with createShared, createSharedU or resizeShared.

This procedure is dangerous! If one forgets to free the memory a leak occurs; if one tries to access freed memory (or just freeing it twice!) a core dump may happen or other memory may be corrupted.

Source   Edit  
proc GC_collectZct() {....raises: [], tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}
Collect the ZCT (zero count table). Unstable, experimental API for testing purposes. DO NOT USE! Source   Edit  
proc GC_disable() {....gcsafe, inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Disables the GC. If called n times, n calls to GC_enable are needed to reactivate the GC.

Note that in most circumstances one should only disable the mark and sweep phase with GC_disableMarkAndSweep.

Source   Edit  
proc GC_disableMarkAndSweep() {....gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
                                forbids: [].}
The current implementation uses a reference counting garbage collector with a seldomly run mark and sweep phase to free cycles. The mark and sweep phase may take a long time and is not needed if the application does not create cycles. Thus the mark and sweep phase can be deactivated and activated separately from the rest of the GC. Source   Edit  
proc GC_enable() {....gcsafe, inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Enables the GC again. Source   Edit  
proc GC_enableMarkAndSweep() {....gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc GC_fullCollect() {....gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [RootEffect],
                        forbids: [].}
Forces a full garbage collection pass. Ordinary code does not need to call this (and should not). Source   Edit  
proc GC_getStatistics(): string {....gcsafe, gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
                                  forbids: [].}
Returns an informative string about the GC's activity. This may be useful for tweaking. Source   Edit  
proc GC_ref(x: string) {.magic: "GCref", ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
                         forbids: [].}
Marks the object x as referenced, so that it will not be freed until it is unmarked via GC_unref. If called n-times for the same object x, n calls to GC_unref are needed to unmark x. Source   Edit  
proc GC_ref[T](x: ref T) {.magic: "GCref", ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
                           forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc GC_ref[T](x: seq[T]) {.magic: "GCref", ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
                            forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc GC_unref(x: string) {.magic: "GCunref", ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
                           forbids: [].}
See the documentation of GC_ref. Source   Edit  
proc GC_unref[T](x: ref T) {.magic: "GCunref", ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc GC_unref[T](x: seq[T]) {.magic: "GCunref", ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc gcInvariant() {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc getAllocStats(): AllocStats {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc getCurrentException(): ref Exception {.compilerproc, inline, ...gcsafe,
    raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Retrieves the current exception; if there is none, nil is returned. Source   Edit  
proc getCurrentExceptionMsg(): string {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
                                        forbids: [].}
Retrieves the error message that was attached to the current exception; if there is none, "" is returned. Source   Edit  
proc getFrame(): PFrame {.compilerproc, inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                          forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc getFrameState(): FrameState {.compilerproc, inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                                   forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc getFreeMem(): int {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Returns the number of bytes that are owned by the process, but do not hold any meaningful data. Source   Edit  
proc getFreeSharedMem(): int {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Returns the number of bytes that are owned by the process on the shared heap, but do not hold any meaningful data. This is only available when threads are enabled. Source   Edit  
proc getGcFrame(): GcFrame {.compilerproc, inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc getMaxMem(): int {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc getOccupiedMem(): int {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Returns the number of bytes that are owned by the process and hold data. Source   Edit  
proc getOccupiedSharedMem(): int {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Returns the number of bytes that are owned by the process on the shared heap and hold data. This is only available when threads are enabled. Source   Edit  
proc getStackTrace(): string {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Gets the current stack trace. This only works for debug builds. Source   Edit  
proc getStackTrace(e: ref Exception): string {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}
Gets the stack trace associated with e, which is the stack that lead to the raise statement. This only works for debug builds. Source   Edit  
proc getStackTraceEntries(): seq[StackTraceEntry] {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}
Returns the stack trace entries for the current stack trace. This is not yet available for the JS backend. Source   Edit  
proc getStackTraceEntries(e: ref Exception): lent seq[StackTraceEntry] {.
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc getTotalMem(): int {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Returns the number of bytes that are owned by the process. Source   Edit  
proc getTotalSharedMem(): int {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Returns the number of bytes on the shared heap that are owned by the process. This is only available when threads are enabled. Source   Edit  
proc getTypeInfo[T](x: T): pointer {.magic: "GetTypeInfo", ...gcsafe, raises: [],
                                     tags: [], forbids: [].}

Get type information for x.

Ordinary code should not use this, but the typeinfo module instead.

Source   Edit  
proc gorge(command: string; input = ""; cache = ""): string {.
    magic: "StaticExec", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
This is an alias for staticExec. Source   Edit  
proc gorgeEx(command: string; input = ""; cache = ""): tuple[output: string,
    exitCode: int] {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Similar to gorge but also returns the precious exit code. Source   Edit  
proc high(T: typedesc[SomeFloat]): T:type
Source   Edit  
proc high(x: cstring): int {.magic: "High", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}

Returns the highest possible index of a compatible string x. This is sometimes an O(n) operation.

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc high(x: string): int {.magic: "High", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                            forbids: [].}

Returns the highest possible index of a string x.

var str = "Hello world!"
high(str) # => 11

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc high[I, T](x: array[I, T]): I {.magic: "High", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                     tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns the highest possible index of an array x.

For empty arrays, the return type is int.

var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
high(arr) # => 6
for i in low(arr)..high(arr):
  echo arr[i]

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc high[I, T](x: typedesc[array[I, T]]): I {.magic: "High", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns the highest possible index of an array type.

For empty arrays, the return type is int.

high(array[7, int]) # => 6

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc high[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T {.magic: "High", noSideEffect, ...deprecated: "Deprecated since v1.4; there should not be `high(value)`. Use `high(type)`.",
    raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Deprecated: Deprecated since v1.4; there should not be `high(value)`. Use `high(type)`.

Returns the highest possible value of an ordinal value x.

As a special semantic rule, x may also be a type identifier.

This proc is deprecated, use this one instead:

high(2) # => 9223372036854775807

Source   Edit  
proc high[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: typedesc[T]): T {.magic: "High",
    noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns the highest possible value of an ordinal or enum type.

high(int) is Nim's way of writing INT_MAX or MAX_INT.

high(int) # => 9223372036854775807

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc high[T](x: openArray[T]): int {.magic: "High", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                     tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns the highest possible index of a sequence x.

var s = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
high(s) # => 6
for i in low(s)..high(s):
  echo s[i]

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc inc[T, V: Ordinal](x: var T; y: V = 1) {.magic: "Inc", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Increments the ordinal x by y.

If such a value does not exist, OverflowDefect is raised or a compile time error occurs. This is a short notation for: x = succ(x, y).

Example:

var i = 2
inc(i)
assert i == 3
inc(i, 3)
assert i == 6
Source   Edit  
func incl[T](x: var set[T]; y: T) {.magic: "Incl", ...raises: [], tags: [],
                                    forbids: [].}

Includes element y in the set x.

This is the same as x = x + {y}, but it might be more efficient.

Example:

var a = {1, 3, 5}
a.incl(2)
assert a == {1, 2, 3, 5}
a.incl(4)
assert a == {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Source   Edit  
proc insert(x: var string; item: string; i = 0.Natural) {.noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Inserts item into x at position i.

var a = "abc"
a.insert("zz", 0) # a <- "zzabc"

Source   Edit  
proc insert[T](x: var seq[T]; item: sink T; i = 0.Natural) {.noSideEffect.}

Inserts item into x at position i.

var i = @[1, 3, 5]
i.insert(99, 0) # i <- @[99, 1, 3, 5]

Source   Edit  
proc instantiationInfo(index = -1; fullPaths = false): tuple[filename: string,
    line: int, column: int] {.magic: "InstantiationInfo", noSideEffect,
                              ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Provides access to the compiler's instantiation stack line information of a template.

While similar to the caller info of other languages, it is determined at compile time.

This proc is mostly useful for meta programming (eg. assert template) to retrieve information about the current filename and line number. Example:

import std/strutils

template testException(exception, code: untyped): typed =
  try:
    let pos = instantiationInfo()
    discard(code)
    echo "Test failure at $1:$2 with '$3'" % [pos.filename,
      $pos.line, astToStr(code)]
    assert false, "A test expecting failure succeeded?"
  except exception:
    discard

proc tester(pos: int): int =
  let
    a = @[1, 2, 3]
  result = a[pos]

when isMainModule:
  testException(IndexDefect, tester(30))
  testException(IndexDefect, tester(1))
  # --> Test failure at example.nim:20 with 'tester(1)'

Source   Edit  
proc internalNew[T](a: var ref T) {.magic: "New", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                    tags: [], forbids: [].}
Leaked implementation detail. Do not use. Source   Edit  
proc `is`[T, S](x: T; y: S): bool {.magic: "Is", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                    tags: [], forbids: [].}

Checks if T is of the same type as S.

For a negated version, use isnot.

assert 42 is int
assert @[1, 2] is seq

proc test[T](a: T): int =
  when (T is int):
    return a
  else:
    return 0

assert(test[int](3) == 3)
assert(test[string]("xyz") == 0)

Source   Edit  
proc isNil(x: cstring): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil", ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc isNil(x: pointer): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil", ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc isNil[T: proc | iterator {.closure.}](x: T): bool {.noSideEffect,
    magic: "IsNil", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Fast check whether x is nil. This is sometimes more efficient than == nil. Source   Edit  
proc isNil[T](x: ptr T): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil", ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc isNil[T](x: ref T): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil", ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc isNotForeign(x: ForeignCell): bool {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
returns true if 'x' belongs to the calling thread. No deep copy has to be performed then. Source   Edit  
proc iterToProc(iter: typed; envType: typedesc; procName: untyped) {.
    magic: "Plugin", compileTime, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
func len(x: (type array) | array): int {.magic: "LengthArray", ...raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}
Returns the length of an array or an array type. This is roughly the same as high(T)-low(T)+1.

Example:

var a = [1, 1, 1]
assert a.len == 3
assert array[0, float].len == 0
static: assert array[-2..2, float].len == 5
Source   Edit  
proc len(x: cstring): int {.magic: "LengthStr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                            tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns the length of a compatible string. This is an O(n) operation except in js at runtime.

Note: On the JS backend this currently counts UTF-16 code points instead of bytes at runtime (not at compile time). For now, if you need the byte length of the UTF-8 encoding, convert to string with $ first then call len.

Example:

doAssert len(cstring"abc") == 3
doAssert len(cstring r"ab\0c") == 5 # \0 is escaped
doAssert len(cstring"ab\0c") == 5 # ditto
var a: cstring = "ab\0c"
when defined(js): doAssert a.len == 4 # len ignores \0 for js
else: doAssert a.len == 2 # \0 is a null terminator
static:
  var a2: cstring = "ab\0c"
  doAssert a2.len == 2 # \0 is a null terminator, even in js vm
Source   Edit  
func len(x: string): int {.magic: "LengthStr", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Returns the length of a string.

Example:

assert "abc".len == 3
assert "".len == 0
assert string.default.len == 0
Source   Edit  
func len[T](x: seq[T]): int {.magic: "LengthSeq", ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Returns the length of x.

Example:

assert @[0, 1].len == 2
assert seq[int].default.len == 0
assert newSeq[int](3).len == 3
let s = newSeqOfCap[int](3)
assert s.len == 0
Source   Edit  
func len[T](x: set[T]): int {.magic: "Card", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
An alias for card(x). Source   Edit  
func len[TOpenArray: openArray | varargs](x: TOpenArray): int {.
    magic: "LengthOpenArray", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Returns the length of an openArray.

Example:

proc bar[T](a: openArray[T]): int = len(a)
assert bar([1,2]) == 2
assert [1,2].len == 2
Source   Edit  
proc len[U: Ordinal; V: Ordinal](x: HSlice[U, V]): int {.noSideEffect, inline.}

Length of ordinal slice. When x.b < x.a returns zero length.

assert((0..5).len == 6)
assert((5..2).len == 0)

Source   Edit  
proc locals(): RootObj {.magic: "Plugin", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                         forbids: [].}

Generates a tuple constructor expression listing all the local variables in the current scope.

This is quite fast as it does not rely on any debug or runtime information. Note that in contrast to what the official signature says, the return type is not RootObj but a tuple of a structure that depends on the current scope. Example:

proc testLocals() =
  var
    a = "something"
    b = 4
    c = locals()
    d = "super!"
  
  b = 1
  for name, value in fieldPairs(c):
    echo "name ", name, " with value ", value
  echo "B is ", b
# -> name a with value something
# -> name b with value 4
# -> B is 1

Source   Edit  
proc low(T: typedesc[SomeFloat]): T:type
Source   Edit  
proc low(x: cstring): int {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                            forbids: [].}

Returns the lowest possible index of a compatible string x.

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc low(x: string): int {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                           forbids: [].}

Returns the lowest possible index of a string x.

var str = "Hello world!"
low(str) # => 0

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc low[I, T](x: array[I, T]): I {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                    tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns the lowest possible index of an array x.

For empty arrays, the return type is int.

var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
low(arr) # => 0
for i in low(arr)..high(arr):
  echo arr[i]

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc low[I, T](x: typedesc[array[I, T]]): I {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns the lowest possible index of an array type.

For empty arrays, the return type is int.

low(array[7, int]) # => 0

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc low[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: T): T {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect, ...deprecated: "Deprecated since v1.4; there should not be `low(value)`. Use `low(type)`.",
    raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Deprecated: Deprecated since v1.4; there should not be `low(value)`. Use `low(type)`.

Returns the lowest possible value of an ordinal value x. As a special semantic rule, x may also be a type identifier.

This proc is deprecated, use this one instead:

low(2) # => -9223372036854775808

Source   Edit  
proc low[T: Ordinal | enum | range](x: typedesc[T]): T {.magic: "Low",
    noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns the lowest possible value of an ordinal or enum type.

low(int) is Nim's way of writing INT_MIN or MIN_INT.

low(int) # => -9223372036854775808

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc low[T](x: openArray[T]): int {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                    tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns the lowest possible index of a sequence x.

var s = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
low(s) # => 0
for i in low(s)..high(s):
  echo s[i]

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc max(x, y: float32): float32 {.noSideEffect, inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                                   forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc max(x, y: float64): float64 {.noSideEffect, inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                                   forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc max(x, y: int): int {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                           forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc max(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc max(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc max(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc max(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
The maximum value of two integers. Source   Edit  
proc max[T: not SomeFloat](x, y: T): T {.inline.}
Generic maximum operator of 2 values based on <=. Source   Edit  
proc max[T](x: openArray[T]): T
The maximum value of x. T needs to have a < operator. Source   Edit  
proc min(x, y: float32): float32 {.noSideEffect, inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                                   forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc min(x, y: float64): float64 {.noSideEffect, inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                                   forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc min(x, y: int): int {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                           forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc min(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc min(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc min(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc min(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
The minimum value of two integers. Source   Edit  
proc min[T: not SomeFloat](x, y: T): T {.inline.}
Generic minimum operator of 2 values based on <=. Source   Edit  
proc min[T](x: openArray[T]): T
The minimum value of x. T needs to have a < operator. Source   Edit  
proc `mod`(x, y: int): int {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}

Computes the integer modulo operation (remainder).

This is the same as x - (x div y) * y.

Example:

assert (7 mod 5) == 2
assert (-7 mod 5) == -2
assert (7 mod -5) == 2
assert (-7 mod -5) == -2
Source   Edit  
proc `mod`(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `mod`(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `mod`(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `mod`(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `mod`(x, y: uint): uint {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Computes the integer modulo operation (remainder) for unsigned integers. This is the same as x - (x div y) * y. Source   Edit  
proc `mod`(x, y: uint8): uint8 {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `mod`(x, y: uint16): uint16 {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `mod`(x, y: uint32): uint32 {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `mod`(x, y: uint64): uint64 {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc move[T](x: var T): T {.magic: "Move", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                            forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc moveMem(dest, source: pointer; size: Natural) {.inline, ...gcsafe, tags: [],
    raises: [], forbids: [].}

Copies the contents from the memory at source to the memory at dest.

Exactly size bytes will be copied. The memory regions may overlap, moveMem handles this case appropriately and is thus somewhat more safe than copyMem. Like any procedure dealing with raw memory this is still unsafe, though.

Source   Edit  
proc new(t: typedesc): auto

Creates a new object of type T and returns a safe (traced) reference to it as result value.

When T is a ref type then the resulting type will be T, otherwise it will be ref T.

Source   Edit  
proc new[T](a: var ref T) {.magic: "New", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                            forbids: [].}
Creates a new object of type T and returns a safe (traced) reference to it in a. Source   Edit  
proc new[T](a: var ref T; finalizer: proc (x: ref T) {.nimcall.}) {.
    magic: "NewFinalize", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Creates a new object of type T and returns a safe (traced) reference to it in a.

When the garbage collector frees the object, finalizer is called. The finalizer may not keep a reference to the object pointed to by x. The finalizer cannot prevent the GC from freeing the object.

Note: The finalizer refers to the type T, not to the object! This means that for each object of type T the finalizer will be called!

Source   Edit  
proc newSeq[T](len = 0.Natural): seq[T]

Creates a new sequence of type seq[T] with length len.

Note that the sequence will be filled with zeroed entries. After the creation of the sequence you should assign entries to the sequence instead of adding them.

var inputStrings = newSeq[string](3)
assert len(inputStrings) == 3
inputStrings[0] = "The fourth"
inputStrings[1] = "assignment"
inputStrings[2] = "would crash"
#inputStrings[3] = "out of bounds"

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc newSeq[T](s: var seq[T]; len: Natural) {.magic: "NewSeq", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Creates a new sequence of type seq[T] with length len.

This is equivalent to s = @[]; setlen(s, len), but more efficient since no reallocation is needed.

Note that the sequence will be filled with zeroed entries. After the creation of the sequence you should assign entries to the sequence instead of adding them. Example:

var inputStrings: seq[string]
newSeq(inputStrings, 3)
assert len(inputStrings) == 3
inputStrings[0] = "The fourth"
inputStrings[1] = "assignment"
inputStrings[2] = "would crash"
#inputStrings[3] = "out of bounds"

Source   Edit  
proc newSeqOfCap[T](cap: Natural): seq[T] {.magic: "NewSeqOfCap", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Creates a new sequence of type seq[T] with length zero and capacity cap. Example:

var x = newSeqOfCap[int](5)
assert len(x) == 0
x.add(10)
assert len(x) == 1

Source   Edit  
proc newSeqUninitialized[T: SomeNumber](len: Natural): seq[T]

Creates a new sequence of type seq[T] with length len.

Only available for numbers types. Note that the sequence will be uninitialized. After the creation of the sequence you should assign entries to the sequence instead of adding them. Example:

var x = newSeqUninitialized[int](3)
assert len(x) == 3
x[0] = 10

Source   Edit  
proc newString(len: Natural): string {.magic: "NewString",
                                       importc: "mnewString", noSideEffect,
                                       ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns a new string of length len but with uninitialized content. One needs to fill the string character after character with the index operator s[i].

This procedure exists only for optimization purposes; the same effect can be achieved with the & operator or with add.

Source   Edit  
proc newStringOfCap(cap: Natural): string {.magic: "NewStringOfCap",
    importc: "rawNewString", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns a new string of length 0 but with capacity cap.

This procedure exists only for optimization purposes; the same effect can be achieved with the & operator or with add.

Source   Edit  
proc nimGC_setStackBottom(theStackBottom: pointer) {.compilerproc, noinline,
    ...gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Expands operating GC stack range to theStackBottom. Does nothing if current stack bottom is already lower than theStackBottom. Source   Edit  
proc `not`(a: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait", noSideEffect,
                                    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Constructs an not meta class. Source   Edit  
proc `not`(x: bool): bool {.magic: "Not", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                            forbids: [].}
Boolean not; returns true if x == false. Source   Edit  
proc `not`(x: int): int {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                          forbids: [].}
Computes the bitwise complement of the integer x.

Example:

assert not 0'u8 == 255
assert not 0'i8 == -1
assert not 1000'u16 == 64535
assert not 1000'i16 == -1001
Source   Edit  
proc `not`(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                            tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `not`(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                              tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `not`(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                              tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `not`(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                              tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `not`(x: uint): uint {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                            tags: [], forbids: [].}
Computes the bitwise complement of the integer x. Source   Edit  
proc `not`(x: uint8): uint8 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                              tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `not`(x: uint16): uint16 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `not`(x: uint32): uint32 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `not`(x: uint64): uint64 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `of`[T, S](x: T; y: typedesc[S]): bool {.magic: "Of", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Checks if x is an instance of y.

Example:

type
  Base = ref object of RootObj
  Sub1 = ref object of Base
  Sub2 = ref object of Base
  Unrelated = ref object

var base: Base = Sub1() # downcast
doAssert base of Base # generates `CondTrue` (statically true)
doAssert base of Sub1
doAssert base isnot Sub1
doAssert not (base of Sub2)

base = Sub2() # re-assign
doAssert base of Sub2
doAssert Sub2(base) != nil # upcast
doAssertRaises(ObjectConversionDefect): discard Sub1(base)

var sub1 = Sub1()
doAssert sub1 of Base
doAssert sub1.Base of Sub1

doAssert not compiles(base of Unrelated)
Source   Edit  
proc onThreadDestruction(handler: proc () {.closure, ...gcsafe, raises: [].}) {.
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Registers a thread local handler that is called at the thread's destruction.

A thread is destructed when the .thread proc returns normally or when it raises an exception. Note that unhandled exceptions in a thread nevertheless cause the whole process to die.

Source   Edit  
proc open[TMsg](c: var Channel[TMsg]; maxItems: int = 0)

Opens a channel c for inter thread communication.

The send operation will block until number of unprocessed items is less than maxItems.

For unlimited queue set maxItems to 0.

Source   Edit  
proc `or`(a, b: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait", noSideEffect,
                                      ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Constructs an or meta class. Source   Edit  
proc `or`(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "Or", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}

Boolean or; returns true if not (not x and not y) (if any of the arguments is true).

Evaluation is lazy: if x is true, y will not even be evaluated.

Source   Edit  
proc `or`(x, y: int): int {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                            forbids: [].}
Computes the bitwise or of numbers x and y.

Example:

assert (0b0011 or 0b0101) == 0b0111
assert (0b0111 or 0b1100) == 0b1111
Source   Edit  
proc `or`(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                              tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `or`(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `or`(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `or`(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `or`(x, y: uint): uint {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                              tags: [], forbids: [].}
Computes the bitwise or of numbers x and y. Source   Edit  
proc `or`(x, y: uint8): uint8 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `or`(x, y: uint16): uint16 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                  tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `or`(x, y: uint32): uint32 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                  tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `or`(x, y: uint64): uint64 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                  tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
func ord[T: Ordinal | enum](x: T): int {.magic: "Ord", ...raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}
Returns the internal int value of x, including for enum with holes and distinct ordinal types.

Example:

assert ord('A') == 65
type Foo = enum
  f0 = 0, f1 = 3
assert f1.ord == 3
type Bar = distinct int
assert 3.Bar.ord == 3
Source   Edit  
proc peek[TMsg](c: var Channel[TMsg]): int

Returns the current number of messages in the channel c.

Returns -1 if the channel has been closed.

Note: This is dangerous to use as it encourages races. It's much better to use tryRecv proc instead.

Source   Edit  
proc pop[T](s: var seq[T]): T {.inline, noSideEffect.}

Returns the last item of s and decreases s.len by one. This treats s as a stack and implements the common pop operation.

Raises IndexDefect if s is empty.

Example:

var a = @[1, 3, 5, 7]
let b = pop(a)
assert b == 7
assert a == @[1, 3, 5]
Source   Edit  
proc popGcFrame() {.compilerproc, inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc pred[T, V: Ordinal](x: T; y: V = 1): T {.magic: "Pred", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns the y-th predecessor (default: 1) of the value x.

If such a value does not exist, OverflowDefect is raised or a compile time error occurs.

Example:

assert pred(5) == 4
assert pred(5, 3) == 2
Source   Edit  
proc prepareMutation(s: var string) {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
String literals (e.g. "abc", etc) in the ARC/ORC mode are "copy on write", therefore you should call prepareMutation before modifying the strings via addr.

Example: cmd: --gc:arc

var x = "abc"
var y = "defgh"
prepareMutation(y) # without this, you may get a `SIGBUS` or `SIGSEGV`
moveMem(addr y[0], addr x[0], x.len)
assert y == "abcgh"
Source   Edit  
proc procCall(x: untyped) {.magic: "ProcCall", compileTime, ...raises: [],
                            tags: [], forbids: [].}

Special magic to prohibit dynamic binding for method calls. This is similar to super in ordinary OO languages.

# 'someMethod' will be resolved fully statically:
procCall someMethod(a, b)

Source   Edit  
proc protect(x: pointer): ForeignCell {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc pushGcFrame(s: GcFrame) {.compilerproc, inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc quit(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.magic: "Exit", noreturn, ...raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}

Stops the program immediately with an exit code.

Before stopping the program the "exit procedures" are called in the opposite order they were added with addExitProc.

The proc quit(QuitSuccess) is called implicitly when your nim program finishes without incident for platforms where this is the expected behavior. A raised unhandled exception is equivalent to calling quit(QuitFailure).

Note that this is a runtime call and using quit inside a macro won't have any compile time effect. If you need to stop the compiler inside a macro, use the error or fatal pragmas.

Warning: errorcode gets saturated when it exceeds the valid range on the specific platform. On Posix, the valid range is low(int8)..high(int8). On Windows, the valid range is low(int32)..high(int32). For instance, quit(int(0x100000000)) is equal to quit(127) on Linux.
Danger: In almost all cases, in particular in library code, prefer alternatives, e.g. doAssert false or raise a Defect. quit bypasses regular control flow in particular defer, try, catch, finally and destructors, and exceptions that may have been raised by an addExitProc proc, as well as cleanup code in other threads. It does not call the garbage collector to free all the memory, unless an addExitProc proc calls GC_fullCollect.
Source   Edit  
proc quit(errormsg: string; errorcode = QuitFailure) {.noreturn, ...raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}
A shorthand for echo(errormsg); quit(errorcode). Source   Edit  
proc rawEnv[T: proc {.closure.} | iterator {.closure.}](x: T): pointer {.
    noSideEffect, inline.}
Retrieves the raw environment pointer of the closure x. See also rawProc. Source   Edit  
proc rawProc[T: proc {.closure.} | iterator {.closure.}](x: T): pointer {.
    noSideEffect, inline.}
Retrieves the raw proc pointer of the closure x. This is useful for interfacing closures with C/C++, hash compuations, etc. Source   Edit  
proc ready[TMsg](c: var Channel[TMsg]): bool
Returns true if some thread is waiting on the channel c for new messages. Source   Edit  
proc realloc0Impl(p: pointer; oldSize, newSize: Natural): pointer {.noconv,
    ...gcsafe, tags: [], gcsafe, raises: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc reallocImpl(p: pointer; newSize: Natural): pointer {.noconv, ...gcsafe,
    tags: [], gcsafe, raises: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc reallocShared0Impl(p: pointer; oldSize, newSize: Natural): pointer {.
    noconv, ...gcsafe, tags: [], gcsafe, raises: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc reallocSharedImpl(p: pointer; newSize: Natural): pointer {.noconv, ...gcsafe,
    tags: [], gcsafe, raises: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc recv[TMsg](c: var Channel[TMsg]): TMsg

Receives a message from the channel c.

This blocks until a message has arrived! You may use peek proc to avoid the blocking.

Source   Edit  
proc repr[T](x: T): string {.magic: "Repr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                             forbids: [].}

Takes any Nim variable and returns its string representation. No trailing newline is inserted (so echo won't add an empty newline). Use -d:nimLegacyReprWithNewline to revert to old behavior where newlines were added in some cases.

It works even for complex data graphs with cycles. This is a great debugging tool.

var s: seq[string] = @["test2", "test2"]
var i = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
echo repr(s) # => 0x1055eb050[0x1055ec050"test2", 0x1055ec078"test2"]
echo repr(i) # => 0x1055ed050[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Source   Edit  
proc reprDiscriminant(e: int; typ: PNimType): string {.compilerproc, ...raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc reset[T](obj: var T) {.noSideEffect.}
Resets an object obj to its default value. Source   Edit  
proc resize[T](p: ptr T; newSize: Natural): ptr T {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [].}

Grows or shrinks a given memory block.

If p is nil then a new memory block is returned. In either way the block has at least T.sizeof * newSize bytes. If newSize == 0 and p is not nil resize calls dealloc(p). In other cases the block has to be freed with free.

The allocated memory belongs to its allocating thread! Use resizeShared to reallocate from a shared heap.

Source   Edit  
proc resizeShared[T](p: ptr T; newSize: Natural): ptr T {.inline, ...raises: [].}

Grows or shrinks a given memory block on the heap.

If p is nil then a new memory block is returned. In either way the block has at least T.sizeof * newSize bytes. If newSize == 0 and p is not nil resizeShared calls freeShared(p). In other cases the block has to be freed with freeShared.

Source   Edit  
proc runnableExamples(rdoccmd = ""; body: untyped) {.magic: "RunnableExamples",
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
A section you should use to mark runnable example code with.
  • In normal debug and release builds code within a runnableExamples section is ignored.
  • The documentation generator is aware of these examples and considers them part of the ## doc comment. As the last step of documentation generation each runnableExample is put in its own file $file_examples$i.nim, compiled and tested. The collected examples are put into their own module to ensure the examples do not refer to non-exported symbols.

Example:

proc timesTwo*(x: int): int =
  ## This proc doubles a number.
  runnableExamples:
    # at module scope
    const exported* = 123
    assert timesTwo(5) == 10
    block: # at block scope
      defer: echo "done"
  runnableExamples "-d:foo -b:cpp":
    import std/compilesettings
    assert querySetting(backend) == "cpp"
    assert defined(foo)
  runnableExamples "-r:off": ## this one is only compiled
     import std/browsers
     openDefaultBrowser "https://forum.nim-lang.org/"
  2 * x
Source   Edit  
proc send[TMsg](c: var Channel[TMsg]; msg: sink TMsg) {.inline.}
Sends a message to a thread. msg is deeply copied. Source   Edit  
proc setControlCHook(hook: proc () {.noconv.}) {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Allows you to override the behaviour of your application when CTRL+C is pressed. Only one such hook is supported. Example:

proc ctrlc() {.noconv.} =
  echo "Ctrl+C fired!"
  # do clean up stuff
  quit()

setControlCHook(ctrlc)

Source   Edit  
proc setCurrentException(exc: ref Exception) {.inline, ...gcsafe, raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}
Sets the current exception.
Warning: Only use this if you know what you are doing.
Source   Edit  
proc setFrame(s: PFrame) {.compilerproc, inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                           forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc setFrameState(state: FrameState) {.compilerproc, inline, ...raises: [],
                                        tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc setGcFrame(s: GcFrame) {.compilerproc, inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc setLen(s: var string; newlen: Natural) {.magic: "SetLengthStr",
    noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Sets the length of string s to newlen.

If the current length is greater than the new length, s will be truncated.

var myS = "Nim is great!!"
myS.setLen(3) # myS <- "Nim"
echo myS, " is fantastic!!"

Source   Edit  
proc setLen[T](s: var seq[T]; newlen: Natural) {.magic: "SetLengthSeq",
    noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Sets the length of seq s to newlen. T may be any sequence type.

If the current length is greater than the new length, s will be truncated.

var x = @[10, 20]
x.setLen(5)
x[4] = 50
assert x == @[10, 20, 0, 0, 50]
x.setLen(1)
assert x == @[10]

Source   Edit  
proc setupForeignThreadGc() {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Call this if you registered a callback that will be run from a thread not under your control. This has a cheap thread-local guard, so the GC for this thread will only be initialized once per thread, no matter how often it is called.

This function is available only when --threads:on and --tlsEmulation:off switches are used

Source   Edit  
proc shallow(s: var string) {.noSideEffect, inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}

Marks a string s as shallow. Subsequent assignments will not perform deep copies of s.

This is only useful for optimization purposes.

Source   Edit  
proc shallow[T](s: var seq[T]) {.noSideEffect, inline.}

Marks a sequence s as shallow. Subsequent assignments will not perform deep copies of s.

This is only useful for optimization purposes.

Source   Edit  
proc shallowCopy[T](x: var T; y: T) {.noSideEffect, magic: "ShallowCopy",
                                      ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Use this instead of = for a shallow copy.

The shallow copy only changes the semantics for sequences and strings (and types which contain those).

Be careful with the changed semantics though! There is a reason why the default assignment does a deep copy of sequences and strings.

Source   Edit  
proc `shl`(x: int8; y: SomeInteger): int8 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shl`(x: int16; y: SomeInteger): int16 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shl`(x: int32; y: SomeInteger): int32 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shl`(x: int64; y: SomeInteger): int64 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shl`(x: int; y: SomeInteger): int {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Computes the shift left operation of x and y.

Note: Operator precedence is different than in C.

Example:

assert 1'i32 shl 4 == 0x0000_0010
assert 1'i64 shl 4 == 0x0000_0000_0000_0010
Source   Edit  
proc `shl`(x: uint8; y: SomeInteger): uint8 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shl`(x: uint16; y: SomeInteger): uint16 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shl`(x: uint32; y: SomeInteger): uint32 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shl`(x: uint64; y: SomeInteger): uint64 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shl`(x: uint; y: SomeInteger): uint {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Computes the shift left operation of x and y. Source   Edit  
proc `shr`(x: int8; y: SomeInteger): int8 {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shr`(x: int16; y: SomeInteger): int16 {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shr`(x: int32; y: SomeInteger): int32 {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shr`(x: int64; y: SomeInteger): int64 {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shr`(x: int; y: SomeInteger): int {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Computes the shift right operation of x and y, filling vacant bit positions with the sign bit.

Note: Operator precedence is different than in C.

See also:

Example:

assert 0b0001_0000'i8 shr 2 == 0b0000_0100'i8
assert 0b0000_0001'i8 shr 1 == 0b0000_0000'i8
assert 0b1000_0000'i8 shr 4 == 0b1111_1000'i8
assert -1 shr 5 == -1
assert 1 shr 5 == 0
assert 16 shr 2 == 4
assert -16 shr 2 == -4
Source   Edit  
proc `shr`(x: uint8; y: SomeInteger): uint8 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shr`(x: uint16; y: SomeInteger): uint16 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shr`(x: uint32; y: SomeInteger): uint32 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shr`(x: uint64; y: SomeInteger): uint64 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `shr`(x: uint; y: SomeInteger): uint {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Computes the shift right operation of x and y. Source   Edit  
proc sizeof(x: typedesc): int {.magic: "SizeOf", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc sizeof[T](x: T): int {.magic: "SizeOf", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                            forbids: [].}

Returns the size of x in bytes.

Since this is a low-level proc, its usage is discouraged - using new for the most cases suffices that one never needs to know x's size.

As a special semantic rule, x may also be a type identifier (sizeof(int) is valid).

Limitations: If used for types that are imported from C or C++, sizeof should fallback to the sizeof in the C compiler. The result isn't available for the Nim compiler and therefore can't be used inside of macros.

sizeof('A') # => 1
sizeof(2) # => 8

Source   Edit  
proc slurp(filename: string): string {.magic: "Slurp", ...raises: [], tags: [],
                                       forbids: [].}
This is an alias for staticRead. Source   Edit  
proc stackTraceAvailable(): bool {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc staticExec(command: string; input = ""; cache = ""): string {.
    magic: "StaticExec", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Executes an external process at compile-time and returns its text output (stdout + stderr).

If input is not an empty string, it will be passed as a standard input to the executed program.

const buildInfo = "Revision " & staticExec("git rev-parse HEAD") &
                  "\nCompiled on " & staticExec("uname -v")

gorge is an alias for staticExec.

Note that you can use this proc inside a pragma like passc or passl.

If cache is not empty, the results of staticExec are cached within the nimcache directory. Use --forceBuild to get rid of this caching behaviour then. command & input & cache (the concatenated string) is used to determine whether the entry in the cache is still valid. You can use versioning information for cache:

const stateMachine = staticExec("dfaoptimizer", "input", "0.8.0")

Source   Edit  
proc staticRead(filename: string): string {.magic: "Slurp", ...raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}

Compile-time readFile proc for easy resource embedding:

The maximum file size limit that staticRead and slurp can read is near or equal to the free memory of the device you are using to compile.

const myResource = staticRead"mydatafile.bin"

slurp is an alias for staticRead.

Source   Edit  
proc substr(s: openArray[char]): string {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Copies a slice of s into a new string and returns this new string.

Example:

let a = "abcdefgh"
assert a.substr(2, 5) == "cdef"
assert a.substr(2) == "cdefgh"
assert a.substr(5, 99) == "fgh"
Source   Edit  
proc substr(s: string; first = 0): string {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc substr(s: string; first, last: int): string {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Copies a slice of s into a new string and returns this new string.

The bounds first and last denote the indices of the first and last characters that shall be copied. If last is omitted, it is treated as high(s). If last >= s.len, s.len is used instead: This means substr can also be used to cut or limit a string's length.

Example:

let a = "abcdefgh"
assert a.substr(2, 5) == "cdef"
assert a.substr(2) == "cdefgh"
assert a.substr(5, 99) == "fgh"
Source   Edit  
proc succ[T, V: Ordinal](x: T; y: V = 1): T {.magic: "Succ", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns the y-th successor (default: 1) of the value x.

If such a value does not exist, OverflowDefect is raised or a compile time error occurs.

Example:

assert succ(5) == 6
assert succ(5, 3) == 8
Source   Edit  
proc swap[T](a, b: var T) {.magic: "Swap", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                            forbids: [].}

Swaps the values a and b.

This is often more efficient than tmp = a; a = b; b = tmp. Particularly useful for sorting algorithms.

var
  a = 5
  b = 9

swap(a, b)

assert a == 9
assert b == 5

Source   Edit  
proc tearDownForeignThreadGc() {....gcsafe, raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Call this to tear down the GC, previously initialized by setupForeignThreadGc. If GC has not been previously initialized, or has already been torn down, the call does nothing.

This function is available only when --threads:on and --tlsEmulation:off switches are used

Source   Edit  
proc toBiggestFloat(i: BiggestInt): BiggestFloat {.noSideEffect, inline,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Same as toFloat but for BiggestInt to BiggestFloat. Source   Edit  
proc toBiggestInt(f: BiggestFloat): BiggestInt {.noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}
Same as toInt but for BiggestFloat to BiggestInt. Source   Edit  
proc toFloat(i: int): float {.noSideEffect, inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                              forbids: [].}

Converts an integer i into a float. Same as float(i).

If the conversion fails, ValueError is raised. However, on most platforms the conversion cannot fail.

let
  a = 2
  b = 3.7

echo a.toFloat + b # => 5.7

Source   Edit  
proc toInt(f: float): int {.noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Converts a floating point number f into an int.

Conversion rounds f half away from 0, see Round half away from zero, as opposed to a type conversion which rounds towards zero.

Note that some floating point numbers (e.g. infinity or even 1e19) cannot be accurately converted.

doAssert toInt(0.49) == 0
doAssert toInt(0.5) == 1
doAssert toInt(-0.5) == -1 # rounding is symmetrical

Source   Edit  
proc toOpenArray(x: cstring; first, last: int): openArray[char] {.
    magic: "Slice", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc toOpenArray(x: string; first, last: int): openArray[char] {.magic: "Slice",
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc toOpenArray[I, T](x: array[I, T]; first, last: I): openArray[T] {.
    magic: "Slice", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc toOpenArray[T](x: openArray[T]; first, last: int): openArray[T] {.
    magic: "Slice", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc toOpenArray[T](x: ptr UncheckedArray[T]; first, last: int): openArray[T] {.
    magic: "Slice", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc toOpenArray[T](x: seq[T]; first, last: int): openArray[T] {.magic: "Slice",
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc toOpenArrayByte(x: cstring; first, last: int): openArray[byte] {.
    magic: "Slice", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc toOpenArrayByte(x: openArray[char]; first, last: int): openArray[byte] {.
    magic: "Slice", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc toOpenArrayByte(x: seq[char]; first, last: int): openArray[byte] {.
    magic: "Slice", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc toOpenArrayByte(x: string; first, last: int): openArray[byte] {.
    magic: "Slice", ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc tryRecv[TMsg](c: var Channel[TMsg]): tuple[dataAvailable: bool, msg: TMsg]

Tries to receive a message from the channel c, but this can fail for all sort of reasons, including contention.

If it fails, it returns (false, default(msg)) otherwise it returns (true, msg).

Source   Edit  
proc trySend[TMsg](c: var Channel[TMsg]; msg: sink TMsg): bool {.inline.}

Tries to send a message to a thread.

msg is deeply copied. Doesn't block.

Returns false if the message was not sent because number of pending items in the channel exceeded maxItems.

Source   Edit  
proc typeof(x: untyped; mode = typeOfIter): typedesc {.magic: "TypeOf",
    noSideEffect, compileTime, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Builtin typeof operation for accessing the type of an expression. Since version 0.20.0.

Example:

proc myFoo(): float = 0.0
iterator myFoo(): string = yield "abc"
iterator myFoo2(): string = yield "abc"
iterator myFoo3(): string {.closure.} = yield "abc"
doAssert type(myFoo()) is string
doAssert typeof(myFoo()) is string
doAssert typeof(myFoo(), typeOfIter) is string
doAssert typeof(myFoo3) is iterator

doAssert typeof(myFoo(), typeOfProc) is float
doAssert typeof(0.0, typeOfProc) is float
doAssert typeof(myFoo3, typeOfProc) is iterator
doAssert not compiles(typeof(myFoo2(), typeOfProc))
  # this would give: Error: attempting to call routine: 'myFoo2'
  # since `typeOfProc` expects a typed expression and `myFoo2()` can
  # only be used in a `for` context.
Source   Edit  
proc unsafeAddr[T](x: T): ptr T {.magic: "Addr", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                  tags: [], forbids: [].}
Warning: unsafeAddr is a deprecated alias for addr, use addr instead.
Source   Edit  
proc unsafeNew[T](a: var ref T; size: Natural) {.magic: "New", noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Creates a new object of type T and returns a safe (traced) reference to it in a.

This is unsafe as it allocates an object of the passed size. This should only be used for optimization purposes when you know what you're doing!

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc unsetControlCHook() {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
Reverts a call to setControlCHook. Source   Edit  
proc wasMoved[T](obj: var T) {.inline, noSideEffect.}
Resets an object obj to its initial (binary zero) value to signify it was "moved" and to signify its destructor should do nothing and ideally be optimized away. Source   Edit  
proc writeStackTrace() {....tags: [], gcsafe, raises: [], forbids: [].}
Writes the current stack trace to stderr. This is only works for debug builds. Since it's usually used for debugging, this is proclaimed to have no IO effect! Source   Edit  
proc `xor`(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "Xor", noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [],
                               forbids: [].}
Boolean exclusive or; returns true if x != y (if either argument is true while the other is false). Source   Edit  
proc `xor`(x, y: int): int {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                             tags: [], forbids: [].}
Computes the bitwise xor of numbers x and y.

Example:

assert (0b0011 xor 0b0101) == 0b0110
assert (0b0111 xor 0b1100) == 0b1011
Source   Edit  
proc `xor`(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `xor`(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `xor`(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `xor`(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `xor`(x, y: uint): uint {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                               tags: [], forbids: [].}
Computes the bitwise xor of numbers x and y. Source   Edit  
proc `xor`(x, y: uint8): uint8 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                 tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `xor`(x, y: uint16): uint16 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `xor`(x, y: uint32): uint32 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
proc `xor`(x, y: uint64): uint64 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect, ...raises: [],
                                   tags: [], forbids: [].}
Source   Edit  
func zeroDefault[T](__33554488: typedesc[T]): T {.magic: "ZeroDefault",
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Returns the binary zeros representation of the type T. It ignores default fields of an object.

See also:

Source   Edit  
proc zeroMem(p: pointer; size: Natural) {.inline, noSideEffect, ...tags: [],
    raises: [], forbids: [].}

Overwrites the contents of the memory at p with the value 0.

Exactly size bytes will be overwritten. Like any procedure dealing with raw memory this is unsafe.

Source   Edit  
proc `|`(a, b: typedesc): typedesc
Source   Edit  

Iterators

iterator `..`(a, b: int32): int32 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

A type specialized version of .. for convenience so that mixing integer types works better.

See also:

Source   Edit  
iterator `..`(a, b: int64): int64 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

A type specialized version of .. for convenience so that mixing integer types works better.

See also:

Source   Edit  
iterator `..`(a, b: uint32): uint32 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

A type specialized version of .. for convenience so that mixing integer types works better.

See also:

Source   Edit  
iterator `..`(a, b: uint64): uint64 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

A type specialized version of .. for convenience so that mixing integer types works better.

See also:

Source   Edit  
iterator `..`[T](a, b: T): T {.inline.}

An alias for countup(a, b, 1).

See also:

Example:

import std/sugar

let x = collect(newSeq):
  for i in 3 .. 7:
    i

assert x == @[3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
Source   Edit  
iterator `..<`(a, b: int32): int32 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
A type specialized version of ..< for convenience so that mixing integer types works better. Source   Edit  
iterator `..<`(a, b: int64): int64 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
A type specialized version of ..< for convenience so that mixing integer types works better. Source   Edit  
iterator `..<`(a, b: uint32): uint32 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
A type specialized version of ..< for convenience so that mixing integer types works better. Source   Edit  
iterator `..<`(a, b: uint64): uint64 {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}
A type specialized version of ..< for convenience so that mixing integer types works better. Source   Edit  
iterator `..<`[T](a, b: T): T {.inline.}
Source   Edit  
iterator countdown[T](a, b: T; step: Positive = 1): T {.inline.}

Counts from ordinal value a down to b (inclusive) with the given step count.

T may be any ordinal type, step may only be positive.

Note: This fails to count to low(int) if T = int for efficiency reasons.

Example:

import std/sugar
let x = collect(newSeq):
  for i in countdown(7, 3):
    i

assert x == @[7, 6, 5, 4, 3]

let y = collect(newseq):
  for i in countdown(9, 2, 3):
    i
assert y == @[9, 6, 3]
Source   Edit  
iterator countup[T](a, b: T; step: Positive = 1): T {.inline.}

Counts from ordinal value a to b (inclusive) with the given step count.

T may be any ordinal type, step may only be positive.

Note: This fails to count to high(int) if T = int for efficiency reasons.

Example:

import std/sugar
let x = collect(newSeq):
  for i in countup(3, 7):
    i

assert x == @[3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

let y = collect(newseq):
  for i in countup(2, 9, 3):
    i
assert y == @[2, 5, 8]
Source   Edit  
iterator `||`[S, T](a: S; b: T; annotation: static string = "parallel for"): T {.
    inline, magic: "OmpParFor", sideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

OpenMP parallel loop iterator. Same as .. but the loop may run in parallel.

annotation is an additional annotation for the code generator to use. The default annotation is parallel for. Please refer to the OpenMP Syntax Reference for further information.

Note that the compiler maps that to the #pragma omp parallel for construct of OpenMP and as such isn't aware of the parallelism in your code! Be careful! Later versions of || will get proper support by Nim's code generator and GC.

Source   Edit  
iterator `||`[S, T](a: S; b: T; step: Positive;
                    annotation: static string = "parallel for"): T {.inline,
    magic: "OmpParFor", sideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

OpenMP parallel loop iterator with stepping.  Same as countup but the loop may run in parallel.

annotation is an additional annotation for the code generator to use. The default annotation is parallel for. Please refer to the OpenMP Syntax Reference for further information.

Note that the compiler maps that to the #pragma omp parallel for construct of OpenMP and as such isn't aware of the parallelism in your code! Be careful! Later versions of || will get proper support by Nim's code generator and GC.

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Macros

macro varargsLen(x: varargs[untyped]): int
returns number of variadic arguments in x Source   Edit  

Templates

template `!=`(x, y: untyped): untyped {.callsite.}
Unequals operator. This is a shorthand for not (x == y). Source   Edit  
template `&=`(x, y: typed)

Generic 'sink' operator for Nim.

If not specialized further, an alias for add.

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template `..<`(a, b: untyped): untyped

A shortcut for a .. pred(b).

for i in 5 ..< 9:
  echo i # => 5; 6; 7; 8

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template `..^`(a, b: untyped): untyped
A shortcut for .. ^ to avoid the common gotcha that a space between '..' and '^' is required. Source   Edit  
template `>`(x, y: untyped): untyped {.callsite.}
"is greater" operator. This is the same as y < x. Source   Edit  
template `>%`(x, y: untyped): untyped
Treats x and y as unsigned and compares them. Returns true if unsigned(x) > unsigned(y). Source   Edit  
template `>=`(x, y: untyped): untyped {.callsite.}
"is greater or equals" operator. This is the same as y <= x. Source   Edit  
template `>=%`(x, y: untyped): untyped
Treats x and y as unsigned and compares them. Returns true if unsigned(x) >= unsigned(y). Source   Edit  
template `[]`(s: string; i: int): char
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template `[]=`(s: string; i: int; val: char)
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template `^`(x: int): BackwardsIndex

Builtin roof operator that can be used for convenient array access. a[^x] is a shortcut for a[a.len-x].

let
  a = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
  b = "abcdefgh"

echo a[^1] # => 9
echo b[^2] # => g

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template alloc(size: Natural): pointer

Allocates a new memory block with at least size bytes.

The block has to be freed with realloc(block, 0) or dealloc(block). The block is not initialized, so reading from it before writing to it is undefined behaviour!

The allocated memory belongs to its allocating thread! Use allocShared to allocate from a shared heap.

See also:

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template alloc0(size: Natural): pointer

Allocates a new memory block with at least size bytes.

The block has to be freed with realloc(block, 0) or dealloc(block). The block is initialized with all bytes containing zero, so it is somewhat safer than alloc.

The allocated memory belongs to its allocating thread! Use allocShared0 to allocate from a shared heap.

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template allocShared(size: Natural): pointer

Allocates a new memory block on the shared heap with at least size bytes.

The block has to be freed with reallocShared(block, 0) or deallocShared(block).

The block is not initialized, so reading from it before writing to it is undefined behaviour!

See also:

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template allocShared0(size: Natural): pointer

Allocates a new memory block on the shared heap with at least size bytes.

The block has to be freed with reallocShared(block, 0) or deallocShared(block).

The block is initialized with all bytes containing zero, so it is somewhat safer than allocShared.

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template closureScope(body: untyped): untyped

Useful when creating a closure in a loop to capture local loop variables by their current iteration values.

Note: This template may not work in some cases, use capture instead.

Example:

var myClosure : proc()
# without closureScope:
for i in 0 .. 5:
  let j = i
  if j == 3:
    myClosure = proc() = echo j
myClosure() # outputs 5. `j` is changed after closure creation
# with closureScope:
for i in 0 .. 5:
  closureScope: # Everything in this scope is locked after closure creation
    let j = i
    if j == 3:
      myClosure = proc() = echo j
myClosure() # outputs 3

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template currentSourcePath(): string

Returns the full file-system path of the current source.

To get the directory containing the current source, use it with os.parentDir() as currentSourcePath.parentDir().

The path returned by this template is set at compile time.

See the docstring of macros.getProjectPath() for an example to see the distinction between the currentSourcePath and getProjectPath.

See also:

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template disarm(x: typed)
Useful for disarming dangling pointers explicitly for --newruntime. Regardless of whether --newruntime is used or not this sets the pointer or callback x to nil. This is an experimental API! Source   Edit  
template dumpAllocstats(code: untyped)
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template excl[T](x: var set[T]; y: set[T]) {.callsite.}
Excludes the set y from the set x.

Example:

var a = {1, 3, 5, 7}
var b = {3, 4, 5}
a.excl(b) 
assert a == {1, 7}
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template formatErrorIndexBound[T](i, a, b: T): string
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template formatErrorIndexBound[T](i, n: T): string
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template formatFieldDefect(f, discVal): string
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template `in`(x, y: untyped): untyped {.dirty, callsite.}

Sugar for contains.

assert(1 in (1..3) == true)
assert(5 in (1..3) == false)

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template incl[T](x: var set[T]; y: set[T]) {.callsite.}
Includes the set y in the set x.

Example:

var a = {1, 3, 5, 7}
var b = {4, 5, 6}
a.incl(b)
assert a == {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
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template `isnot`(x, y: untyped): untyped {.callsite.}

Negated version of is. Equivalent to not(x is y).

assert 42 isnot float
assert @[1, 2] isnot enum

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template likely(val: bool): bool

Hints the optimizer that val is likely going to be true.

You can use this template to decorate a branch condition. On certain platforms this can help the processor predict better which branch is going to be run. Example:

for value in inputValues:
  if likely(value <= 100):
    process(value)
  else:
    echo "Value too big!"

On backends without branch prediction (JS and the nimscript VM), this template will not affect code execution.

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template newException(exceptn: typedesc; message: string;
                      parentException: ref Exception = nil): untyped
Creates an exception object of type exceptn and sets its msg field to message. Returns the new exception object. Source   Edit  
template nimThreadProcWrapperBody(closure: untyped): untyped
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template `notin`(x, y: untyped): untyped {.dirty, callsite.}

Sugar for not contains.

assert(1 notin (1..3) == false)
assert(5 notin (1..3) == true)

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template offsetOf[T](t: typedesc[T]; member: untyped): int
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template offsetOf[T](value: T; member: untyped): int
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template once(body: untyped): untyped

Executes a block of code only once (the first time the block is reached).

proc draw(t: Triangle) =
  once:
    graphicsInit()
  line(t.p1, t.p2)
  line(t.p2, t.p3)
  line(t.p3, t.p1)

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template rangeCheck(cond)
Helper for performing user-defined range checks. Such checks will be performed only when the rangechecks compile-time option is enabled. Source   Edit  
template realloc(p: pointer; newSize: Natural): pointer

Grows or shrinks a given memory block.

If p is nil then a new memory block is returned. In either way the block has at least newSize bytes. If newSize == 0 and p is not nil realloc calls dealloc(p). In other cases the block has to be freed with dealloc(block).

The allocated memory belongs to its allocating thread! Use reallocShared to reallocate from a shared heap.

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template realloc0(p: pointer; oldSize, newSize: Natural): pointer

Grows or shrinks a given memory block.

If p is nil then a new memory block is returned. In either way the block has at least newSize bytes. If newSize == 0 and p is not nil realloc calls dealloc(p). In other cases the block has to be freed with dealloc(block).

The block is initialized with all bytes containing zero, so it is somewhat safer then realloc

The allocated memory belongs to its allocating thread! Use reallocShared to reallocate from a shared heap.

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template reallocShared(p: pointer; newSize: Natural): pointer

Grows or shrinks a given memory block on the heap.

If p is nil then a new memory block is returned. In either way the block has at least newSize bytes. If newSize == 0 and p is not nil reallocShared calls deallocShared(p). In other cases the block has to be freed with deallocShared.

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template reallocShared0(p: pointer; oldSize, newSize: Natural): pointer

Grows or shrinks a given memory block on the heap.

When growing, the new bytes of the block is initialized with all bytes containing zero, so it is somewhat safer then reallocShared

If p is nil then a new memory block is returned. In either way the block has at least newSize bytes. If newSize == 0 and p is not nil reallocShared calls deallocShared(p). In other cases the block has to be freed with deallocShared.

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template unlikely(val: bool): bool

Hints the optimizer that val is likely going to be false.

You can use this proc to decorate a branch condition. On certain platforms this can help the processor predict better which branch is going to be run. Example:

for value in inputValues:
  if unlikely(value > 100):
    echo "Value too big!"
  else:
    process(value)

On backends without branch prediction (JS and the nimscript VM), this template will not affect code execution.

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template unown(x: typed): untyped
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Exports

FloatOverflowDefect, ResourceExhaustedError, NilAccessError, FloatUnderflowDefect, RangeDefect, IndexDefect, FloatUnderflowError, FloatOverflowError, FloatDivByZeroDefect, FloatInvalidOpError, FloatingPointError, DivByZeroError, OutOfMemError, RangeError, IndexError, ReraiseError, IOError, DeadThreadError, WriteIOEffect, FloatDivByZeroError, ExecIOEffect, IOEffect, ReraiseDefect, ValueError, OverflowDefect, ReadIOEffect, ObjectConversionDefect, AccessViolationDefect, KeyError, ObjectAssignmentDefect, OverflowError, ArithmeticError, ArithmeticDefect, AccessViolationError, EOFError, FieldDefect, ObjectAssignmentError, StackOverflowDefect, NilAccessDefect, ObjectConversionError, FloatInexactError, FloatingPointDefect, TimeEffect, LibraryError, OSError, OutOfMemDefect, DivByZeroDefect, FloatInexactDefect, StackOverflowError, AssertionError, AssertionDefect, FieldError, DeadThreadDefect, FloatInvalidOpDefect, BiggestUInt, BiggestInt, cfloat, cushort, csize_t, culonglong, cuint, cshort, clonglong, clong, cuchar, PFloat64, PInt64, PInt32, culong, cschar, BiggestFloat, cstringArray, cchar, cdouble, clongdouble, cint, ByteAddress, PFloat32, atomicTestAndSet, atomicAddFetch, atomicLoadN, atomicAndFetch, atomicAlwaysLockFree, atomicXorFetch, AtomMemModel, atomicFetchAnd, atomicLoad, atomicExchange, atomicCompareExchangeN, ATOMIC_ACQUIRE, atomicSignalFence, atomicFetchAdd, cas, atomicFetchNand, cpuRelax, atomicInc, atomicOrFetch, atomicFetchSub, ATOMIC_ACQ_REL, atomicFetchXor, atomicCompareExchange, ATOMIC_RELEASE, ATOMIC_RELAXED, ATOMIC_SEQ_CST, atomicIsLockFree, atomicClear, atomicStoreN, ATOMIC_CONSUME, atomicSubFetch, atomicDec, atomicNandFetch, AtomType, atomicStore, atomicFetchOr, atomicThreadFence, fence, atomicExchangeN, doAssertRaises, raiseAssert, failedAssertImpl, doAssert, assert, onFailedAssert, items, mpairs, items, fieldPairs, items, pairs, fieldPairs, mitems, fields, mpairs, pairs, mitems, items, items, fields, mitems, items, mpairs, mpairs, items, mpairs, pairs, pairs, items, mitems, items, pairs, mitems, $, $, $, $, $, $, addFloat, $, $, $, $, $, $, $, $, $, $, $, $, $, $, getThreadId, createThread, handle, running, joinThread, createThread, joinThreads, Thread, pinToCpu, addInt, addInt, addInt, len, $, newWideCString, WideCStringObj, Utf16Char, $, newWideCString, newWideCString, WideCString, newWideCString, writeFile, write, File, write, writeChars, endOfFile, getFilePos, &=, readChars, write, readLine, open, writeFile, write, readChar, writeBuffer, readBytes, getFileHandle, close, write, getOsFileHandle, readFile, setFilePos, write, setStdIoUnbuffered, readChars, lines, stdout, readLines, getFileSize, FileHandle, write, reopen, stdmsg, writeLine, write, setInheritable, readLine, open, flushFile, readLines, readAll, FileMode, write, readBuffer, stderr, FileSeekPos, stdin, open, writeBytes, lines